It was found in the current literature that finance has a significant impact on environmental safety and reducing toxic emissions, but there is a lack of theoretical explanation about whether digital finance as a new financial form affects environmental safety. The main source of toxic emissions, primarily carbon dioxide, and the community sample consisted of the districts of Anbar Governorate, represented by (Fallujah, Ramadi, Hit, Haditha) and for the time period extending from 2017 to the end of 2021 as a sample to test the relationship between digital finance represented by its three dimensions (coverage scope Digital finance, the depth of the use of digital finance, and the level of digitization of comprehensive finance) with the level of toxic gas emissions, and since most studies have confirmed the high correlation between finance and toxic emissions, it will be measured experimentally through three variables represented by the scale of financial development, gross domestic product

Intergovernmental panel on Climate change (IPCC),in encyclopedia of Enviroment and society,Vol.3

[발표] 2015개정 실과 교육과정 ‘가정생활’ 영역 개발 방향

Over the past decades, detailed individual building energy models (BEM) on the one side and regional and country-level building stock models on the other side have become established modes of analysis for building designers and energy policy makers, respectively. More recently, these two toolsets have begun to merge into hybrid methods that are meant to analyze the energy performance of neighborhoods, i.e. several dozens to thousands of buildings. This paper reviews emerging simulation methods and implementation workflows for such bottom-up urban building energy models (UBEM). Simulation input organization, thermal model generation and execution, as well as result validation, are discussed successively and an outlook for future developments is presented.

Urban building energy modeling – A review of a nascent field

Industrial decarbonization is a daunting challenge given the relative lack of low-carbon options available for “hard to decarbonize” industries such as iron and steel, cement, and chemicals. Hydrogen, however, offers one potential solution to this dilemma given that is an abundant and energy dense fuel capable of not just meeting industrial energy requirements, but also providing long-duration energy storage. Despite the abundance and potential of hydrogen, isolating it and utilizing it for industrial decarbonization remains logistically challenging and is, in many cases, expensive. Industrial utilization of hydrogen is currently dominated by oil refining and chemical production with nearly all of the hydrogen used in these applications coming from fossil fuels. The generation of low-carbon or zero-carbon hydrogen for industrial applications requires new modes of hydrogen production that either intrinsically produce no carbon emissions or are combined with carbon capture technologies. This review takes a sociotechnical perspective to examine the full range of industries and industrial processes for which hydrogen can support decarbonization and the technical, economic, social and political factors that will impact hydrogen adoption.

Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options

Implications of climate changes to building energy and design

The cost optimal method (COM) as applied in the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) uses “non-calibrated deterministic reference buildings (RBs)”. Such RBs are defined with single envelope and equipment parameter values, for which calibration with actual building stock energy performance (EP) is not undertaken. Thus, it is not possible to visualise the effect of uncertainties or diversity in the input parameters on cost-optimal level benchmarks and to verify the choice of RBs. The paper proposes an update to the COM via use of “Probabilistic Bayesian calibrated RBs” to handle uncertainties and produce more realistic cost optimal levels to support policy makers in devising effective fiscal and legal support mechanisms while facilitating harmonised EP benchmarking between MS for different building categories. The process is validated by findings from Urban Building Energy Modelling studies showing that Energy Use Intensity (EUI) distributions from “probabilistic Bayesian calibrated RBs” versus “deterministic RBs” match significantly closer to the measured EUI distributions with a resulting reduction in the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test results of up to 82% when monthly calibration was performed.

Assessment of building energy modelling studies to meet the requirements of the new Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

A study of thermal comfort in naturally ventilated churches in a Mediterranean climate

Like other islands, Malta experiences great challenges to secure its energy supply and independence. Deep renovation of buildings to nearly zero energy (NZEB) and addressing “smart-readiness” are widely believed to contribute to solving such challenges, while meeting the exigencies of the 2018 European Union energy performance of buildings directive (EPBD). NZEB benchmarks for residential buildings in Malta have been defined using established EPBD cost-optimal methodologies, however these guidelines detailing a one-step and one benchmark definition approach neglects peak loads, building-grid interaction requirements and energy storage. To counteract these inadequacies, this research proposes an innovative multi-criteria approach adapted from ISO 52000-1:2017 standard, which supports the new EPBD requirements for optimising comfort and addressing energy poverty. This is carried out by first optimising adaptive comfort in “free-running mode”, before switching to mechanical space heating and cooling. When implementing this approach on a case study of an existing 40-family social housing block undergoing deep renovation, it was found that the discomfort hours have been reduced drastically, while the peak demand for the remaining discomfort hours requiring mechanical heating and cooling has been halved. Despite such positive impact of passive measures, the research has quantitatively demonstrated that given Malta’s temperate climate, such measures have lower impact on the energy rating of the building, when compared to that achieved with active and renewable energy (RE) measures. Thus, the proposed multi-tier benchmarking approach ensures that each energy efficiency measure is appropriately weighted on its own merits, rather than lumping all measures under a single benchmark indicator. With regards to smartness indicators for load matching and grid interaction, a detailed analysis using SAM software demonstrated that battery energy storage systems have the capacity to match the renewable energy supply to the demand, although this approach is still far away from being cost-optimal. The research concluded that RE incentives should therefore move away from feed-in tariffs and subsidise direct energy use, storage, and load matching given their high costs. Furthermore, the cost-optimal analysis should also quantify the costs of thermal discomfort, energy poverty and grid mismatch, to ensure a holistic approach to deep renovation of buildings.

/pdf/building-energy-renovation-and-smart-integration-of-5c9zvrd4rh.pdf

Building Energy Renovation and Smart Integration of Renewables in a Social Housing Block Toward Nearly-Zero Energy Status

The growing concern over indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort in classrooms, especially post-COVID-19, underscores the critical need for optimal ventilation systems to bolster students’ health and academic performance. This study explores the potential for improving indoor air quality and thermal comfort in the most energy- and cost-optimal manner using a demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) system coupled with a carbon dioxide control sensor. This is achieved through precooling via night purging in summer and by introducing warmer corridor air into the classroom in winter. The methodology employs both computer simulation and a real-world case study. The findings reveal that while natural ventilation in winter can achieve IAQ standard (EN 16798-1) thresholds for classrooms under favourable outdoor conditions, it results in uncontrolled and excessive energy loss. The retrofitted DCV system, however, maintained CO2 levels below the recommended thresholds for at least 76% of the year depending on classroom orientation and only exceeded 1000 ppm for a maximum of 6% of the year. This study also indicates that utilising the external corridor as a sunspace can further enhance the system’s efficiency by preheating incoming air. This comprehensive study highlights the significant potential for integrating mechanical and passive solutions in school ventilation systems. This contributes to the attainment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 and ensures healthier and more energy-efficient learning environments that benefit both students and the environment.

Optimising Mechanical Ventilation for Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort in a Mediterranean School Building

Renovating primary school buildings in Malta to achieve cost-optimal energy performance and comfort levels

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