An overview of the self-organizing map algorithm, on which the papers in this issue are based, is presented in this article.

The Self-Organizing Map

Over the last few decades, the Brain-Computer Interfaces have been gradually making their way to the epicenter of scientific interest. Many scientists from all around the world have contributed to the state of the art in this scientific domain by developing numerous tools and methods for brain signal acquisition and processing. Such a spectacular progress would not be achievable without accompanying technological development to equip the researchers with the proper devices providing what is absolutely necessary for any kind of discovery as the core of every analysis: the data reflecting the brain activity. The common effort has resulted in pushing the whole domain to the point where the communication between a human being and the external world through BCI interfaces is no longer science fiction but nowadays reality. In this work we present the most relevant aspects of the BCIs and all the milestones that have been made over nearly 50-year history of this research domain. We mention people who were pioneers in this area as well as we highlight all the technological and methodological advances that have transformed something available and understandable by a very few into something that has a potential to be a breathtaking change for so many. Aiming to fully understand how the human brain works is a very ambitious goal and it will surely take time to succeed. However, even that fraction of what has already been determined is sufficient e.g., to allow impaired people to regain control on their lives and significantly improve its quality. The more is discovered in this domain, the more benefit for all of us this can potentially bring.

Summary of over Fifty Years with Brain-Computer Interfaces-A Review.

Traffic has become more complex in recent years and therefore the expectations that are placed on automobiles have also risen sharply. Support for drivers and the protection of the occupants of vehicles and other persons involved in road traffic have become essential. Rapid technical developments and innovative advances in recent years have enabled the development of plenty of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems that are based on different working principles such as radar, lidar or camera techniques. Some systems only warn the drivers via a visual, audible or haptical signal of a danger. Other systems are used to actively engage in the control of a vehicle in emergency situations. Although technical development is already quite mature, there are still many development opportunities for improving road safety. The further development of current applications and the creation of new applications that are based on sensor fusion are essential for the future. A short summary of capabilities of ADAS systems and selected ADAS modules was presented in this paper. The review was selected toward the future perspective of sensors fusion applied on the autonomous mobile platform.

A Survey of ADAS Technologies for the Future Perspective of Sensor Fusion

Computer vision based indoor localization methods use either an infrastructure of static cameras to track mobile entities (e.g., people, robots) or cameras attached to the mobile entities. Methods in the first category employ object tracking, while the others map images from mobile cameras with images acquired during a configuration stage or extracted from 3D reconstructed models of the space. This paper offers an overview of the computer vision based indoor localization domain, presenting application areas, commercial tools, existing benchmarks, and other reviews. It provides a survey of indoor localization research solutions, proposing a new classification based on the configuration stage (use of known environment data), sensing devices, type of detected elements, and localization method. It groups 70 of the most recent and relevant image based indoor localization methods according to the proposed classification and discusses their advantages and drawbacks. It highlights localization methods that also offer orientation information, as this is required by an increasing number of applications of indoor localization (e.g., augmented reality).

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2641/pdf

A Comprehensive Survey of Indoor Localization Methods Based on Computer Vision.

In 1940s, Claude Shannon developed the information theory focusing on quantifying the maximum data rate that can be supported by a communication channel. Guided by this, the main theme of wireless system design up until 5G was the data rate maximization. In his theory, the semantic aspect and meaning of messages were treated as largely irrelevant to communication. The classic theory started to reveal its limitations in the modern era of machine intelligence, consisting of the synergy between IoT and AI. By broadening the scope of the classic framework, in this article we present a view of semantic communication (SemCom) and conveying meaning through the communication systems. We address three communication modalities, human-to-human (H2H), human-to-machine (H2M), and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. The latter two, the main theme of the article, represent the paradigm shift in communication and computing. H2M SemCom refers to semantic techniques for conveying meanings understandable by both humans and machines so that they can interact. M2M SemCom refers to effectiveness techniques for efficiently connecting machines such that they can effectively execute a specific computation task in a wireless network. The first part of the article introduces SemCom principles including encoding, system architecture, and layer-coupling and end-to-end design approaches. The second part focuses on specific techniques for application areas of H2M (human and AI symbiosis, recommendation, etc.) and M2M SemCom (distributed learning, split inference, etc.) Finally, we discuss the knowledge graphs approach for designing SemCom systems. We believe that this comprehensive introduction will provide a useful guide into the emerging area of SemCom that is expected to play an important role in 6G featuring connected intelligence and integrated sensing, computing, communication, and control.

What is Semantic Communication? A View on Conveying Meaning in the Era of Machine Intelligence.

The paper presents the difficulties on with which it was necessary to focus during construction an autonomously moving vehicle covering the route between declared points based on an Ultra-wideband (UWB) positioning system, which consisted of four reference points and one tag placed on the vehicle. The platform has been equipped with an intelligent EV3 cube, which is served as an actuator, an independent element of the engine. A model for the selection of points for determining the orientation of the vehicle's movement has also been proposed. The results obtained indicate that the UWB autonomous driving implementation is possible, and the obtained accuracy of access to the destination is within the assumed error tolerance, which is equal to the size of the constructed car. The conducted research can be used in urban traffic, especially in the increasingly dynamically developing branches of the automotive industry - autonomous vehicles especially navigated using UWB. The study also allows us to conclude that this project may be the nucleus of a more complex scenario in the smart autonomous robotics or public transport (support for small autonomous vehicles, electric personal transport vehicles, drones, ADAS systems etc.).

/pdf/on-fundamental-issues-on-creating-autonomous-platform-for-3j7g48s1pj.pdf

On fundamental issues on creating autonomous platform for UWB navigation system

Ewolucyjna metoda identyfikacji diagnostycznego stanu liniowego układu analogowego

UWB is a rapidly developing technology characterised by high positioning accuracy, additional data transferability, and communication security. Low costs and energy demand makes it a system that meets the requirements of smart cities (e.g., smart mobility). The analysis of the positioning accuracy of moving objects requires a ground truth. For the UWB system, it should have an accuracy of the order of millimetres. The generated data can be used to minimize the cost and time needed to perform field tests. However, there is no UWB simulators which can consider the variable characteristics of operation along with distance to reflect the operation of real systems. This article presents a 2D UWB simulator for outdoor open-air areas with obstacles and a method of analysing data from the real UWB system under line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight conditions. Data are recorded at predefined outdoor reference distances, and by fitting normal distributions to this data and modelling the impact of position changes the real UWB system can be simulated and it makes it possible to create virtual measurements for other locations. Furthermore, the presented method of describing the path using time-dependent equations and obstacles using a set of inequalities allows for reconstructing the real test scenario with moving tags with high accuracy.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4757/pdf

Design of the UWB Positioning System Simulator for LOS/NLOS Environments

The paper aims to present the application of fuzzy logic to correct distances obtained from the UWB system. Positioning using the Ultra-Wideband (UWB) system for automotive purposes has many applications (including support for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) applications in making driving decisions more safe and comfortable). Based on the research carried out by the authors of the article, it appears that the data maintain high precision in certain ranges, but they depend on the many factors like environment, obstacles and the distance in which the positioned objects are located. By using data fusion using fuzzy logic, it is possible to improve the distance value of the UWB system as presented in this article. The result of the research and the proposed correction is the receipt of a wireless system enabling the determination of distances with accuracy to centimeters for a large range of distances. 

/pdf/multifactorial-fuzzy-logic-distance-correction-for-uwb-3kgu66le3i.pdf

Multifactorial Fuzzy Logic Distance Correction for UWB Positioning System

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