The derivation of detailed epidemiological maps, at the relevant spatial resolution, is being increasingly recognized as vital to the effective design and implementation of successful programmes for the control of parasites and their vectors. Geographical information systems (GIS) and a recently complied database on the distribution of lymphatic filariasis in India have now been used to develop the first maps at district-level (i.e. the level at which control against this parasite will be enacted in India) of filariasis endemicity in this country. The derived maps indicate both the substantial extent as well as the marked variability in the geographical distribution of this disease in India. The causative infection and/or the symptomatic disease were detected in most (257) of the 289 districts surveyed up to 1995. Currently there may be up to 27.09 million microfilaraemics, 20.83 million cases of symptomatic filariasis, and about 429.32 million individuals potentially at risk of infection in the country. Probability mapping, based on data quantiles, clearly indicates that the risk of filarial infection in India is not constant throughout the country but exhibits strong regional trends. Filariasis in general may be a particular problem of the eastern half of the country. The results indicate the potentially vital role that GIS-based mapping approaches can play in the development of filariasis-control campaigns in India and elsewhere.

Mapping of lymphatic filariasis in India.

SUMMARY Filarial worms cause highly morbid diseases such as elephantiasis and river blindness. Since the 1940s, researchers have conducted vaccine trials in 27 different animal models of filariasis. Although no vaccine trial in a permissive model of filariasis has provided sterilizing immunity, great strides have been made toward developing vaccines that could block transmission, decrease pathological sequelae, or decrease susceptibility to infection. In this review, we have organized, to the best of our ability, all published filaria vaccine trials and reviewed them in the context of the animal models used. Additionally, we provide information on the life cycle, disease phenotype, concomitant immunity, and natural immunity during primary and secondary infections for 24 different filaria models.

A Comprehensive, Model-Based Review of Vaccine and Repeat Infection Trials for Filariasis

Summary The surface composition of three stages in the life cycle of Litomosoides carinii, a filarial parasite of rodents, has been studied using radio-iodination techniques. Confirmation that radiolabeled components were confined to the parasite surface was achieved using light and electron microscope autoradiography. Biochemical analysis of extracts of radiolabeled parasites by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed that one major component (mol. wt. 55000) could be solubilized with the aid of detergents. This component, which was present on male and female adult worms and on post-parasitic third stage larvae, accounted for about one-third of the total proteins available for surface iodination, and was antigenic in infected hosts. The remaining surface components could be solubilized only with urea and SDS under reducing conditions. The 55 000 mol. wt. surface antigens of male and female adult worms exhibited identical two-dimensional tryptic maps, but the similar 55 000 mol.wt. antigen of post-parasitic third stage larvae was different. There was, however, some sharing of antigenic determinants between adult and larval surface components. The principal protein present in detergent extracts of surface-radio-labelled blood microfilariae was host serum albumin.

Surface proteins of a filarial nematode: a major soluble antigen and a host component on the cuticle of Litomosoides carinii

During the last decade, scale-up of vector control tools such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) contributed to the reduction of malaria morbidity and mortality across the continent. Because these first line interventions are now affected by many challenges such as insecticide resistance, change in vector feeding and biting behaviour, outdoor malaria transmission and adaptation of mosquito to polluted environments, the World Health Organization recommends the use of integrated control approaches to improve, control and elimination of malaria. Larviciding is one of these approaches which, if well implemented, could help control malaria in areas where this intervention is suitable. Unfortunately, important knowledge gaps remain in its successful application. The present review summarises key parameters that should be considered when implementing larviciding efficacy or effectiveness trials.

/pdf/implementing-a-larviciding-efficacy-or-effectiveness-control-30yllxyczu.pdf

Implementing a larviciding efficacy or effectiveness control intervention against malaria vectors: key parameters for success.

1.In Kenya Dipetalonema reconditum is a common parasite of dogs, jackals and hyaenas. Usually microfilarial densities in the blood are very low. The adult worms are small; they can be detected at autopsy by searching the subcutaneous fascial spaces with a dissecting microscope.2.The morphology of the adult worms is described and illustrated. The adults and microfilariae are readily distinguished from other species found in dogs in East Africa.3.The main intermediate host of D. reconditum in dogs in Kenya is the flea Ctenocephalides felis. If fleas are kept on dogs for more than a week they can be used for xenodiagnosis to detect very low density infections.4.The infective larvae have a characteristic caudal morphology with three terminal projections. They are very similar to the infective larvae of D. arbuta, D. vite and D. manson-bahri.

Dipetalonema reconditum (Grassi, 1889) from the Dog with a Note on its Development in the Flea, Ctenocephalides felis and the Louse, Heterodoxus spiniger

Evidence of acquired immunity against microfilariae of litomosoides carinii in albino rats with mite-induced infection.

National Filaria Control Programme in India: a review (1955-59).

Infection of the albino rat with the filarial parasite. Litomosoides carinii, of cotton rats.

A new microfilaria in the dog.

Host preference of C. fatigans Wied., 1828, in some States of India : results of precipitin tests carried out in 1960 and 1961.

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