In recent years, visible-light-driven eco-friendly titania-based photocatalytic nanocomposite materials innovations have sparked a lot of interest in environmental applications such as water treatment, hydrogen production, and sensing to clinical and health monitoring. Many appealing physio-chemical properties are viable with the advent of such materials. However, despite the frontier of research on titania-based nanocomposites rapidly expanding, transforming the technology into the market or large-scale applications is still an open issue due to their performance/cost trade-off factor. From this perspective, researchers working on the development of titania-based materials towards more reliable and better performance in terms of under solar light by altering the energy structures of titania are modified primarily by adjusting the crystal structures and surface properties by using different strategies such as elemental doping and composite materials. Hence, this review mainly focuses on the novel strategies adopted for the realization of improved titania-based nanocomposite products for environmental applications. 

Recent advancements toward visible-light-driven titania-based nanocomposite systems for environmental applications: An overview

Funneling illusion refers to a midway perceived illusory tactile sensation between multiple distant stimulations. Since haptic illusion provides guidelines to simplify tactile interfaces, funneling illusion has been explored on different parts of human skin. This study aimed to evaluate the perceptual localization performance of vibrotactile funneling illusion on palmar side of the hand. It is based on the idea of leveraging the vibrotactile funneling illusion to produce distributed vibrotactile stimuli across the entire hand using only a few vibration actuators. By designing a glove with actuators on five fingertips and the palm heel, we measured the localization density of funneling illusion on the whole hand in two experimental conditions [one-dimensional (1D) illusion along each finger and 2D illusion on palmar plane]. The results showed that the average correct rate of location discrimination was 97%, 82%, and 71% in 3-, 4-, and 5-location densities for 1D illusion and 85%, 70%, and 58% in 11-, 16-, and 21-location densities for 2D illusion, respectively. These findings confirmed the feasibility of simulating multi-location stimuli using only a few actuators. Also, perceptual guidelines were provided for the designing of vibrotactile gloves by leveraging the entire hand funneling illusion. 

Perceptual Localization Performance of the Whole Hand Vibrotactile Funneling Illusion

Funneling illusion refers to a midway perceived illusory tactile sensation between multiple distant stimulations. Since haptic illusion provides guidelines to simplify tactile interfaces, funneling illusion has been explored on different parts of human skin. This study aimed to evaluate the perceptual localization performance of vibrotactile funneling illusion on palmar side of the hand. It is based on the idea of leveraging the vibrotactile funneling illusion to produce distributed vibrotactile stimuli across the entire hand using only a few vibration actuators. By designing a glove with actuators on five fingertips and the palm heel, we measured the localization density of funneling illusion on the whole hand in two experimental conditions [one-dimensional (1D) illusion along each finger and 2D illusion on palmar plane]. The results showed that the average correct rate of location discrimination was 97%, 82%, and 71% in 3-, 4-, and 5-location densities for 1D illusion and 85%, 70%, and 58% in 11-, 16-, and 21-location densities for 2D illusion, respectively. These findings confirmed the feasibility of simulating multi-location stimuli using only a few actuators. Also, perceptual guidelines were provided for the designing of vibrotactile gloves by leveraging the entire hand funneling illusion.

Full-body haptic suits, which can provide tactile sensations across the entire body, have been gaining popularity recently. The tightness of a suit to the user's body determines the contact force between the tactile actuators and the body. The contact force is likely to alter the intended perceptual effects, but relatively little is known about the extent of the alteration. Under this context, we present the effects of contact force on vibrotactile perceived intensity on three body parts: dorsal hand, upper arm, and lower back. To this end, we conducted three perceptual magnitude estimation experiments while controlling vibration amplitude, frequency, and contact force. The results show that increasing the contact force generally made the vibration stimuli feel stronger, while the specific behaviors were dependent on the body part and the experimental variables. Finally, we summarize the major findings and provide guidelines regarding contact force adjustment for effective full-body haptic rendering.

Effects of Contact Force on Vibrotactile Perceived Intensity Across the Upper Body.

Augmented Footwear has become an increasingly common research area. However, as this is a comparatively new direction in HCI, researchers and designers are not able to build upon common platforms. We discuss the design space of shoes for augmented tactile reality, focussing on physiological and biomechanical factors as well as technical considerations. We present an open source example implementation from this space, intended as an experimental platform for vibrotactile rendering and tactile AR and provide details on experiences that could be evoked with such a system. Anecdotally, the new prototype provided experiences of material properties like compliance, as well as altered perception of their movements and agency. We intend our work to lower the barrier of entry for new researchers and to support the field of tactile rendering in footwear in general by making it easier to compare results between studies.

Designing Interactive Shoes for Tactile Augmented Reality

During locomotion, people perceive rich haptic information from the floor and the object in contact with their feet. Conventional simulation of such physical interaction in virtual reality is mostly limited to expressing the material or texture of the floor by stimulating only the sole of a foot using vibrotactile stimuli. This paper presents a vibrotactile metaphor that mimics the physical interaction of stepping on a virtual object using body-penetrating phantom sensations between the sole and the instep. For both passive and active perception, we compare the effectiveness between the penetrating illusion and the single stimulation on the sole, with and without visual feedback. Experimental results show that our vibrotactile metaphor is effective for passive perception and less effective when there is active user movement. Our discovery enriches virtual tactile experiences that can be felt with the feet.

Vibrotactile Metaphor of Physical Interaction Using Body-Penetrating Phantom Sensations: Stepping on a Virtual Object

Perceptual Alignment of Spatial Auditory and Tactile Stimuli for Effective Directional Cueing.

Participatory Design for In-Vehicle Vibrotactile Warnings on Driver's Seat

Virtual exhibits with haptic feedback offer greater flexibility in diversifying content and providing digital affordance, even at a lower cost, than physical exhibits. However, few studies addressed the value of such haptics-enabled educational systems in informal learning environments. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of a haptic exhibit as an alternative or supplement for a traditional physical exhibit in a science museum. We developed a two-degree-of-freedom cable-driven haptic device to simulate physical interactions on a large visual display. Choosing a seesaw-like physical exhibit available in a local museum, we designed and implemented a virtual lever simulation closely embodying the physics principles that the physical exhibit showcased. Then, we conducted an observational user study with children to compare the exhibit-visitor interaction behaviors, learning effects, and self-reported motivation and enjoyment between the physical and virtual exhibits. The results revealed that the visitors well-received and engaged with the haptic exhibit, instantiating its potential application in diverse learning settings. We hope that our research encourages further exploration of innovative haptic exhibits that enhance users' learning experiences across various environments.

A Comparative Study of Physical and Haptic Exhibits in an Informal Learning Environment.

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