/pdf/self-assembled-monolayers-of-thiolates-on-metals-as-a-form-1neb0hj3k4.pdf

Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals as a form of nanotechnology.

Over 7,000 peer reviewed articles have been published on electrochemical glucose assays and sensors over recent years. Their number makes a full review of the literature, or even of the most recent advances, impossible. Nevertheless, this chapter should acquaint the reader with the fundamentals of the electrochemistry of glucose and provide a perspective of the evolution of the electrochemical glucose assays and monitors helping diabetic people, who constitute about 5 % of the world’s population. Because of the large number of diabetic people, no assay is performed more frequently than that of glucose. Most of these assays are electrochemical. The reader interested also in nonelectrochemical assays used in, or proposed for, the management of diabetes is referred to a 2007 excellent review of Kondepati and Heise [1].

Electrochemical glucose sensors and their applications in diabetes management.

This article reviews the use of electron microscopy in liquids and its application in biology and materials science.

Electron microscopy of specimens in liquid

Ionic liquids (ILs) including ambient-temperature molten salts, which exist in the liquid state even at room temperature, have a long research history. However, their applications were once limited because ILs were considered as highly moisture-sensitive solvents that should be handled in a glove box. After the first synthesis of moisture-stable ILs in 1992, their unique physicochemical properties became known in all scientific fields. ILs are composed solely of ions and exhibit several specific liquid-like properties, e.g., some ILs enable dissolution of insoluble bio-related materials and the use as tailor-made lubricants in industrial applications under extreme physicochemical conditions. Hybridization of ILs and other materials provides quasi-solid materials, which can be used to fabricate highly functional devices. ILs are also used as reaction media for electrochemical and chemical synthesis of nanomaterials. In addition, the negligible vapor pressure of ILs allows the fabrication of electrochemical devices that are operated under ambient conditions, and many liquid-vacuum technologies, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of liquids, electron microscopy of liquids, and sputtering and physical vapor deposition onto liquids. In this article, we review recent studies on ILs that are employed as functional advanced materials, advanced mediums for materials production, and components for preparing highly functional materials.

New frontiers in materials science opened by ionic liquids.

This Review covers the recent developments (2005-2015) in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals. It was designed to give a comprehensive overview of the "state-of-the-art" in the field. The discussion is focused on low molar mass and dendrimeric thermotropic ionic mesogens, as well as selected metal-containing compounds (metallomesogens), but some references to polymeric and/or lyotropic ionic liquid crystals and particularly to ionic liquids will also be provided. Although zwitterionic and mesoionic mesogens are also treated to some extent, emphasis will be directed toward liquid-crystalline materials consisting of organic cations and organic/inorganic anions that are not covalently bound but interact via electrostatic and other noncovalent interactions.

Ionic Liquid Crystals: Versatile Materials.

It has been discovered that ionic liquid can be observed by a scanning electron microscope without accumulation of electron charges, allowing SEM observation of insulating specimens wetted with ion...

Observation of Ionic Liquid by Scanning Electron Microscope

Underpotential deposition behavior of metals onto gold electrodes coated with self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols

We report that ionic liquids (ILs) can be observed by electron microscopy without any charging of the liquid. Based on this, we present an in situ electrochemical scanning electron microscopy (in situ ECSEM) system. The key technology that enables in situ ECSEM is that charges can be removed from an IL by grounding it with a Pt wire, even if the IL is in an insulating glass cell. As a first demonstration, we describe the redox reaction of a polypyrrole (PPy) film accompanied by changes in its thickness when it is polarized by the film-deposited Pt electrode in the IL. Furthermore, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) analysis can be employed for the electrode polarized in the IL. The component analysis by EDX of PPy in an IL containing K+ as a marker, reveals doping of electrolyte cations into the PPy film upon the latter's reduction and dedoping of cations from the film upon oxidation.

Development of in situ electrochemical scanning electron microscopy with ionic liquids as electrolytes.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols having various terminal groups on their ω-positions were formed on a Au(111) electrode, and their reductive desorption was studied by linear sweep voltammetry, focusing on effects of solution pH on the desorption behavior. The peak potentials (Ep) of cathodic waves representing reductive desorption were found to be reflected by the pKa value of the thiol group and were negatively shifted with an increase in pH of the electrolyte solution. The magnitude of the pH dependency of Ep was greatly influenced by the hydrophobicity of the terminal groups. In the cases of alkanethiol SAMs having pH-sensitive terminal groups such as carboxyl and amino groups, their basicity was estimated from bending points appearing in the pH titration profile of Ep. This method allows direct determination of not only the pKa value of the arrayed groups but also that of the groups dissolved in solution simultaneously. The pKa values of the arrayed carboxyl groups in SAMs were larger ...

Effects of ω-Functional Groups on pH-Dependent Reductive Desorption of Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers

Preparation of selective micro glucose sensor without permselective membrane by electrochemical deposition of ruthenium and glucose oxidase

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