Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOCs) which are of current concern as they are linked to a myriad of adverse health effects in mammals. They can be found in drinking water, rivers, groundwater, wastewater, household dust, and soils. In this review, the current challenge and status of bioremediation of PFAs in soils was examined. While several technologies to remove PFAS from soil have been developed, including adsorption, filtration, thermal treatment, chemical oxidation/reduction and soil washing, these methods are expensive, impractical for in situ treatment, use high pressures and temperatures, with most resulting in toxic waste. Biodegradation has the potential to form the basis of a cost-effective, large scale in situ remediation strategy for PFAS removal from soils. Both fungal and bacterial strains have been isolated that are capable of degrading PFAS; however, to date, information regarding the mechanisms of degradation of PFAS is limited. Through the application of new technologies in microbial ecology, such as stable isotope probing, metagenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics there is the potential to examine and identify the biodegradation of PFAS, a process which will underpin the development of any robust PFAS bioremediation technology.

/pdf/challenges-and-current-status-of-the-biological-treatment-of-3s0kefk17n.pdf

Challenges and Current Status of the Biological Treatment of PFAS-Contaminated Soils.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction (Feammox) is a recently discovered pathway contributing to nitrogen loss in various ecosystems such as paddy soils and sediments. However, little is known about the microbes driving Feammox in an agricultural ecosystem. Here, we demonstrated the occurrence of Feammox in paddy soils of Southern China using a 15N isotopic tracing technique, and examined the microbial communities associated with Feammox using RNA based stable isotope probing (RNA-SIP) combined with Illumina sequencing. Feammox was detected in all collected soils with direct N2 production as the dominant Feammox pathway. It was estimated that approximately 6.91% of the applied nitrogen fertilizers were lost through Feammox in the paddy soils. RNA-SIP results showed that the composition of enriched active microbial communities were dependent on soil properties, especially the soil pH and grain size. Geobacter were enriched in most soils across various properties. The abundance of enriched GOUTA19 were significantly higher in soils with low pH than those in soils with medium pH and high pH, and the relative abundance of active Nitrososphaeraceae and Pseudomonas only increased in soils with medium and high pH during 4-day of incubation. These results suggested Feammox is a ubiquitous and important process for N loss. Geobacter, GOUTA19, Nitrososphaeraceae and Pseudomonas were active during the incubation that favored Feammox and the growth of Feammox microbes, suggesting these microbes were potentially associated with Feammox in natural agricultural soils.

RNA Stable Isotope Probing of Potential Feammox Population in Paddy Soil.

Deterministic mechanisms drive bacterial communities assembly in industrial wastewater treatment system.

Response and recovery of microbial communities subjected to oxidative and biological treatments of 1,4-dioxane and co-contaminants.

Methyl substrates are important compounds for methanogenesis in marine sediments but diversity and carbon utilization by methylotrophic methanogenic archaea have not been clarified. Here, we demonstrate that RNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) requires 13C-labeled bicarbonate as co-substrate for identification of methylotrophic methanogens in sediment samples of the Helgoland mud area, North Sea. Using lipid-SIP, we found that methylotrophic methanogens incorporate 60–86% of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into lipids, and thus considerably more than what can be predicted from known metabolic pathways (~40% contribution). In slurry experiments amended with the marine methylotroph Methanococcoides methylutens, up to 12% of methane was produced from CO2, indicating that CO2-dependent methanogenesis is an alternative methanogenic pathway and suggesting that obligate methylotrophic methanogens grow in fact mixotrophically on methyl compounds and DIC. Although methane formation from methanol is the primary pathway of methanogenesis, the observed high DIC incorporation into lipids is likely linked to CO2-dependent methanogenesis, which was triggered when methane production rates were low. Since methylotrophic methanogenesis rates are much lower in marine sediments than under optimal conditions in pure culture, CO2 conversion to methane is an important but previously overlooked methanogenic process in sediments for methylotrophic methanogens.

/pdf/co2-conversion-to-methane-and-biomass-in-obligate-1vrf8pavks.pdf

CO2 conversion to methane and biomass in obligate methylotrophic methanogens in marine sediments.

1,4-Dioxane is one of the most common and persistent artificial pollutants in petrochemical industrial wastewaters and chlorinated solvent groundwater plumes. Despite its possible biological treatment in natural environments, the identity and dynamics of the microorganisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we identified active and diverse 1,4-dioxane-degrading microorganisms from activated sludge by high-sensitivity stable isotope probing of rRNA. By rigorously analyzing 16S rRNA molecules in RNA density fractions of 13C-labeled and unlabeled 1,4-dioxane treatments, we discovered 10 significantly 13C-incorporating microbial species from the complex microbial community. 16S rRNA expression assays revealed that 9 of the 10 species, including the well-known degrader Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans, an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium and phylogenetically novel bacteria, increased their metabolic activities shortly after exposure to 1,4-dioxane. Moreover, high-resolution monitoring showed that, during a single year of operation of the full-scale activated sludge system, the nine identified species exhibited yearly averaged relative abundances of 0.001–1.523%, and yet showed different responses to changes in the 1,4-dioxane removal efficiency. Hence, the co-existence and individually distinct dynamics of various 1,4-dioxane-degrading microorganisms, including hitherto unidentified species, played pivotal roles in the maintenance of the biological system removing the recalcitrant pollutant.

/pdf/identification-of-active-and-taxonomically-diverse-1-4-17wtr96drk.pdf

Identification of active and taxonomically diverse 1,4-dioxane degraders in a full-scale activated sludge system by high-sensitivity stable isotope probing.

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Identification of active and taxonomically diverse 1,4-dioxane degraders in a full-scale activated sludge system by high-sensitivity stable isotope probing.