This paper presents a literature review of human–computer interaction works on wearable systems for sports. We selected a corpus of 57 papers and analyzed them through the grounded theory for literature review approach. We identified five themes across the papers: the different research perspectives, the type of sports and sportspeople, the roles of wearables in sports, their wearability, and the different types of feedback. These themes helped us in delineating opportunities for future research: the investigation of different form factors and types of feedback; the consideration of different sportspeople and collaborative tasks; the need of pushing the boundaries of the sports domain; the exploration of the evolution of sports; the interconnection of different devices; and the increase of methodological rigor.

/pdf/designing-wearable-systems-for-sports-a-review-of-trends-and-nfiw3whx73.pdf

Designing Wearable Systems for Sports: A Review of Trends and Opportunities in Human–Computer Interaction

Understanding, navigating, and performing goal-oriented actions in Mixed Reality (MR) environments is a challenging task and requires adequate information conveyance about the location of all virtual objects in a scene. Current Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) have a limited field-of-view where augmented objects may be displayed. Furthermore, complex MR environments may be comprised of a large number of objects which can be distributed in the extended surrounding space of the user. This paper presents two novel techniques for visually guiding the attention of users towards out-of-view objects in HMD-based MR: the 3D Radar and the Mirror Ball. We evaluate our approaches against existing techniques during three different object collection scenarios, which simulate real-world exploratory and goal-oriented visual search tasks. To better understand how the different visualizations guide the attention of users, we analyzed the head rotation data for all techniques and introduce a novel method to evaluate and classify head rotation trajectories. Our findings provide supporting evidence that the type of visual guidance technique impacts the way users search for virtual objects in MR.

Towards Efficient Visual Guidance in Limited Field-of-View Head-Mounted Displays

We investigate using augmented reality to extend the screen of a smartphone beyond its physical limits with a virtual surface that is co-planar with the phone and that follows as the phone is moved. We call this extension a VESAD, or Virtually Extended Screen-Aligned Display. We illustrate and describe several ways that a VESAD could be used to complement the physical screen of a phone, and describe two novel interaction techniques: one where the user performs a quick rotation of the phone to switch the information shown in the VESAD, and another called "slide-and-hang" whereby the user can detach a VESAD and leave it hanging in mid-air, using the phone to establish the initial position and orientation of the virtual window. We also report an experiment that compared three interfaces used for an abstract classification task: the first using only a smartphone, the second using the phone for input but with a VESAD for output, and the third where the user performed input in mid-air on the VESAD (as detected by a Leap Motion). The second user interface was found to be superior in time and selection count (a metric of mistakes committed by users) and was also subjectively preferred over the other two interfaces. This demonstrates the added value of a VESAD for output over a phone's physical screen, and also demonstrates that input on the phone's screen was better than input in mid-air in our experiment.

Enlarging a Smartphone with AR to Create a Handheld VESAD (Virtually Extended Screen-Aligned Display)

The correct execution of exercises, such as squats and dead-lifts, is essential to prevent various bodily injuries. Existing solutions either rely on expensive motion tracking or multiple Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) systems require an extensive set-up and individual calibration. This paper introduces a proof of concept, GymSoles, an insole prototype that provides feedback on the Centre of Pressure (CoP) at the feet to assist users with maintaining the correct body posture, while performing squats and dead-lifts. GymSoles was evaluated with 13 users in three conditions: 1) no feedback, 2) vibrotactile feedback, and 3) visual feedback. It has shown that solely providing feedback on the current CoP, results in a significantly improved body posture.

GymSoles: Improving Squats and Dead-Lifts by Visualizing the User's Center of Pressure

Current augmented reality displays still have a very limited field of view compared to the human vision. In order to localize out-of-view objects, researchers have predominantly explored visual guidance approaches to visualize information in the limited (in-view) screen space. Unfortunately, visual conflicts like cluttering or occlusion of information often arise, which can lead to search performance issues and a decreased awareness about the physical environment. In this paper, we compare an innovative non-visual guidance approach based on audio-tactile cues with the state-of-the-art visual guidance technique EyeSee360 for localizing out-of-view objects in augmented reality displays with limited field of view. In our user study, we evaluate both guidance methods in terms of search performance and situation awareness. We show that although audio-tactile guidance is generally slower than the well-performing EyeSee360 in terms of search times, it is on a par regarding the hit rate. Even more so, the audio-tactile method provides a significant improvement in situation awareness compared to the visual approach.

Comparing Non-Visual and Visual Guidance Methods for Narrow Field of View Augmented Reality Displays

Head-mounted displays allow user to augment reality or dive into a virtual one. However, these 3D spaces often come with problems due to objects that may be out of view. Visualizing these out-of-view objects is useful under certain scenarios, such as situation monitoring during ship docking. To address this, we designed a lo-fi prototype of our EyeSee360 system, and based on user feedback, subsequently implemented EyeSee360. We evaluate our technique against well-known 2D off-screen object visualization techniques (Arrow, Halo, Wedge) adapted for head-mounted Augmented Reality, and found that EyeSee360 results in lowest error for direction estimation of out-of-view objects. Based on our findings, we outline the limitations of our approach and discuss the usefulness of our developed lo-fi prototyping tool.

EyeSee360: designing a visualization technique for out-of-view objects in head-mounted augmented reality

The ClimbingAssist supports beginners in improving their technique. It uses a pressure sensitive foil on an insole and gives direct feedback while climbing depending on the pressure on the foot and the movement speed. We evaluated our design in a study in a climbing gym.

ClimbingAssist: direct vibro-tactile feedback on climbing technique

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EyeSee360: designing a visualization technique for out-of-view objects in head-mounted augmented reality

ClimbingAssist: direct vibro-tactile feedback on climbing technique