抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Electrospinning is a versatile and viable technique for generating ultrathin fibers. Remarkable progress has been made with regard to the development of electrospinning methods and engineering of electrospun nanofibers to suit or enable various applications. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of electrospinning, including the principle, methods, materials, and applications. We begin with a brief introduction to the early history of electrospinning, followed by discussion of its principle and typical apparatus. We then discuss its renaissance over the past two decades as a powerful technology for the production of nanofibers with diversified compositions, structures, and properties. Afterward, we discuss the applications of electrospun nanofibers, including their use as "smart" mats, filtration membranes, catalytic supports, energy harvesting/conversion/storage components, and photonic and electronic devices, as well as biomedical scaffolds. We highlight the most relevant and recent advances related to the applications of electrospun nanofibers by focusing on the most representative examples. We also offer perspectives on the challenges, opportunities, and new directions for future development. At the end, we discuss approaches to the scale-up production of electrospun nanofibers and briefly discuss various types of commercial products based on electrospun nanofibers that have found widespread use in our everyday life.

Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: Methods, Materials, and Applications

Design, and Applications Shutao Wang,†,‡ Kesong Liu, Xi Yao, and Lei Jiang*,†,‡,§ †Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, and ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, BeiHang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong P6903, People’s Republic of China

Bioinspired Surfaces with Superwettability: New Insight on Theory, Design, and Applications

Mimicking natural superhydrophobic surfaces and grasping the wetting process: A review on recent progress in preparing superhydrophobic surfaces

Superhydrophobic surfaces: From natural to biomimetic to functional

The formation of fibers by electrospinning has experienced explosive growth in the past decade, recently reaching 4,000 publications and 1,500 patents per year. This impressive growth of interest is due to the ability to form fibers with a variety of materials, which lend themselves to a large and rapidly expanding set of applications. In particular, coaxial electrospinning, which forms fibers with multiple core-sheath layers from different materials in a single step, enables the combination of properties in a single fiber that are not found in nature in a single material. This article is a detailed review of coaxial electrospinning: basic mechanisms, early history and current status, and an in-depth discussion of various applications (biomedical, environmental, sensors, energy, catalysis, textiles). We aim to provide readers who are currently involved in certain aspects of coaxial electrospinning research an appreciation of other applications and of current results.

Coaxial Electrospinning Formation of Complex Polymer Fibers and their Applications

A novel dual drug delivery system is presented using triaxial structured nanofibers, which provides different release profiles for model drugs separately loaded in either the sheath or the core of the fiber. Homogenous, coaxial and triaxial fibers containing a combination of materials (PCL, polycaprolactone; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone) were fabricated. The drug release profiles were simulated using two color dyes (KAB, keyacid blue; KAU, keyacid uranine), whose release in physiological solution was measured using optical absorption as a function of time. To reach the level of 80% release of encapsulated dye from core, triaxial fibers with a PCL intermediate layer exhibited a ∼24× slower release than that from coaxial fibers. At the same time, the hygroscopic sheath layer of the triaxial fibers provided an initial burst release (∼ 80% within an hour) of a second dye as high as that from conventional single and coaxial fibers. The triaxial fiber membrane provides both a quick release from the outer sheath la...

/pdf/triaxial-electrospun-nanofiber-membranes-for-controlled-dual-4navex1xtj.pdf

Triaxial electrospun nanofiber membranes for controlled dual release of functional molecules.

Long-term antimicrobial effect of nisin released from electrospun triaxial fiber membranes.

We have developed a disposable point-of-care (POC) aptamer-based biosensor for the detection of salivary cortisol. Nonstressful and noninvasive sampling of saliva compared to that of blood makes saliva an attractive biological matrix in developing POC devices for biomarker monitoring. Aptamers are attractive as recognition elements for multiple reasons, including their specific chemical synthesis, high stability, lack of immunogenicity, and cell-free evolution. A duplex aptamer conjugated to the surface of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) by Au-S bonds is utilized as the sensor probe in a lateral flow assay (LFA) device. The addition of saliva samples containing cortisol makes the cortisol-aptamer undergo conformational changes and dissociate from the capture probe. Increasing cortisol concentration in the dispensed saliva sample results in increased dissociation and leads to increased binding of AuNP conjugate on the test line. Therefore, the color intensity of the test line on the LFA is a direct function of the concentration of cortisol in saliva. This simple and fast method provides detection in the cortisol range of ∼0.5-15 ng/mL, which is in the clinically accepted range for salivary cortisol. The limit of detection was 0.37 ng/mL, and the accuracy was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing results. High selectivity was observed for salivary cortisol against other closely related steroids and stress biomarkers present in saliva.

Aptamer-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Salivary Cortisol.

Self-inflating floating nanofiber membranes for controlled drug delivery.

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