Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers

Next to cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer, and the main source of aromatic structures on earth. It is a phenolic macromolecule, with a complex structure which considerably varies depending on the plant species and the isolation process. Lignin has long been obtained as a by-product of cellulose in the paper pulp production, but had rather low added-value applications. Changes in the paper market have however stimulated the need to focus on other applications for lignins. In addition, the emergence of biorefinery projects to develop biofuels, bio-based materials and chemicals from carbohydrate polymers should also generate large amounts of lignin with the potential for value addition. These developments have brought about renewed interest in the last decade for lignin and its potential use in polymer materials. This review covers both the topics of the direct use of lignin in polymer applications, and of the chemical modifications of lignin, in a polymer chemistry perspective. The future trend toward micro- and nanostructured lignin-based materials is then addressed.

A review on lignin-based polymeric, micro- and nano-structured materials

Lignin-based thermoplastic materials have attracted increasing interest as sustainable, cost-effective, and biodegradable alternatives for petroleum-based thermoplastics. As an amorphous thermoplastic material, lignin has a relatively high glass-transition temperature and also undergoes radical-induced self-condensation at high temperatures, which limits its thermal processability. Additionally, lignin-based materials are usually brittle and exhibit poor mechanical properties. To improve the thermoplasticity and mechanical properties of technical lignin, polymers or plasticizers are usually integrated with lignin by blending or chemical modification. This Review attempts to cover the reported approaches towards the development of lignin-based thermoplastic materials on the basis of published information. Approaches reviewed include plasticization, blending with miscible polymers, and chemical modifications by esterification, etherification, polymer grafting, and copolymerization. Those lignin-based thermoplastic materials are expected to show applications as engineering plastics, polymeric foams, thermoplastic elastomers, and carbon-fiber precursors.

Lignin-Based Thermoplastic Materials

New lignin-based thermoset polyurethane (PU) coatings with high lignin content are presented in this work. These materials were obtained by extracting a sol fraction from a raw kraft lignin sample with the bioderived solvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF), and subsequently directly cross-linking the MeTHF-soluble lignin fraction with a toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-based polyisocyanate at different weight ratios. A thorough characterization of the PU materials highlighted their improved thermal stability, better film forming ability and higher hydrophobic character compared with the un-cross-linked lignin precursor. Additionally, force–distance curve measurements by atomic force microscopy were employed to determine the elastic modulus of the PU materials. Finally, the lignin-based PU materials were found to exhibit high adhesion on different substrates, including glass, wood and metals. The results of this study demonstrate that the direct reaction of chemically unmodified fractionated lignin with polyisoc...

Polyurethane coatings based on chemically unmodified fractionated lignin

A significant amount of technical lignins is produced in the pulp and paper industries. However, most technical lignins are burned for thermal recycling and a few percent are used as materials, such as lignosulfonate as a dispersant. Native lignin has a highly complex structure and is susceptible to structural variations depending on the pulping process, thus hindering the effective utilization of lignins. The procedures used to convert lignins into functional materials include depolymerization to monomeric fragments followed by re-building to functional materials, and chemical modifications to generate functional polymers with retained polymeric properties. In this paper, the latter is disserted. The characteristics of technical lignins, which include kraft lignin, lignosulfonate, and organosolv lignin, and their conversion to functional materials such as polyesters, polyethers, polyurethanes, etc. and the applications of lignin-based materials in some fields are discussed.

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Conversion of technical lignins to functional materials with retained polymeric properties

Traditional method for extraction of lignin from black liquor in chemical pulping processes requires a huge amount of toxic inorganic acids like sulfuric acid which are potentially harmful to our environment and life. Furthermore, the traditional method always contains multiple steps, and thus it is time-consuming process. With a purpose to eliminate all these above disadvantages, in this study, we successfully developed an efficient process for the extraction of lignin from black liquor using a non-toxic aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate (AlK(SO4)2·12H2O). The developed process is simple, efficient, and short-time, which obviously have more advantages over the traditional extraction method. Furthermore, the lignin extracted in this study was used to synthesize a copolyester through polyesterification between lignin and sebacoyl chloride. The copolymer possesses a molecular weight of 31,800, corresponding to four to five repeating units of lignin macromonomers. Notably, it showed a good thermal stability up to 200 °C in TGA analysis. It was also possible to shape the copolymer using solvent casting. We believe that this newly developed method of lignin extraction may exploit new applications for eco-friendly sustainable materials in various fields.

An eco-friendly and efficient route of lignin extraction from black liquor and a lignin-based copolyester synthesis

A polypropylene resin composition, particularly, an olefin-based polypropylene resin composition includes: about 50 to 70% by weight of a high crystalline polypropylene; about 10 to 20% by weight of a reactor made thermoplastic polyolefin (RTPO) polypropylene; about 5 to 20% by weight of an inorganic filler; about 10 to 20% by weight of a rubber elastomer; and about 3% by weight or less of a slip agent, based on the total weight of the composition. The composition provides excellent physical properties such as high strength and impact resistance, and thus superior resistance to damage, and shows low gloss characteristics and excellent fluidity. The polypropylene resin composition is used as interior and exterior materials for vehicles.

Polypropylene resin composition and interior and exterior materials for vehicles using the same

Disclosed are a polyolefin-based resin composition having excellent scratch resistance and low glossiness, a preparation method thereof, and automobile interior and exterior materials fabricated therefrom. The polyolefin-based resin composition comprises about 56 to 97% by weight of a polypropylene block copolymer resin, about 1 to 9% by weight of a thermoplastic elastomer rubber, about 1 to 30% by weight of an inorganic filler, and about 1 to 5% by weight of a fluoroacrylamide-based copolymer based on a total weight of the composition.

Polyolefin-based resin composition

The present invention relates to a polypropylene resin composition and interior and exterior materials for a vehicle using the same and, more specifically, to a polypropylene resin composition which comprises: 50-70 wt% of high crystalline polypropylene; 10-20 wt% of RTPO polypropylene; 5-20 wt% of an inorganic filler; 10-20 wt% of a rubber elastomer; and 3 wt% or less of a slipping agent based on the total weight of the composition, is used in interior and exterior materials for a vehicle such as an interior trim, has excellent resistance against breakage since physical properties such as high intensity, impact resistance and the like are excellent and exhibits low gloss and excellent mobility, and to interior and exterior materials for a vehicle using the same

Composition of polypropylene resin and inner and outer parts of vehicle using the same

Development of Road Safety Information System for Active Accelerator Pedal at Curves

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