A butt joint configuration of AA6061–pure Ti was welded using friction stir welding (FSW) with an assisted cooling and heating conditions, aiming to attain a flawless joint. Cooling-assisted friction stir welding (CFSW) was carried out with a different cooling medium such as CO2, compressed air and water at controlled flow rate. However, heating-assisted friction stir welding (HFSW) was performed with heating source of GTAW torch just before FSW tool at different current density. Prepared specimens were subjected to optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrodischarge spectroscopy (EDS) for microstructural characterizations. The tensile strength and microhardness were significantly affected by various cooling and heating conditions, attributing to the distinct proportion of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) evident in the microstructure. The samples prepared with cooling conditions exhibited superior joint properties as compared with the normal and heating conditions.

Effect of active heating and cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir–welded dissimilar aluminium alloy and titanium butt joints

By taking molybdenum (Mo) having favorable metallurgical compatibility with both titanium and iron as the interlayer material, the butt joint of TA1/Q235B layered bimetallic sheet with thickness of 6 mm was prepared by utilizing narrow gap multi-pass laser welding with low heat input. Mo generally can favorably isolate Ti from Fe, meanwhile the transition zone of Mo and steel adjacent to Mo interlayer was softened according to the results of microhardness test. The results of face bending testing showed that the softened zone was beneficial to the mechanical properties of the welded joint, which could restrict the crack propagation along the interface of Mo/steel in fusion zone so that fracture appeared in the BM side. The microstructures of the softened zone exhibited a low dislocation density observed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM), which may be the main reason leading to a low microhardness. In additon, Mo interlayer was confined in a small zone, which only accounted for about 6.5% of the total area of cross section of the fusion zone while a small amount of FeTi and λ brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) still appeared around the Mo/steel interface in fusion zone. The tensile strength of the welded joint was 467 MPa, which took up about 93% that of base metal. The results of this paper will help guide endeavours for the fabrication of pipes and containers made of Ti/steel bimetallic sheets.

Microstructures and performances of the butt joint of TA1/Q235B bimetallic sheet with addition of a Mo interlayer by using narrow gap laser welding with filler wire

Role of ultra-fine intermetallic particles and martensite in strengthening of AISI 321/Cu/Ti laser welded joint

Interfacial properties of friction stir lap welded 430/304 stainless steels using Cu interlayer

Recently, the automotive and aerospace industries have witnessed increased usage of titanium alloys. Nevertheless, the fabrication of titanium parts using conventional fabrication techniques is challenging owing to their low thermal conductivity, high affinity for oxygen, high melting temperature, high strength, and poor machinability. Advancements in welding technologies have resulted in the development of safe, efficient, and cost-effective joining techniques capable of overcoming the aforementioned challenges and enhancing titanium weld quality. The traditional approach and equipment used for welding aluminium and stainless steel had been utilized for joining titanium and its alloys but with limited success compared to the laser welding technique. Laser welding is the preferred method of welding because of its excellent qualities and great reliability, particularly for titanium alloy connections, which are frequently used in aerospace and aircraft structures. This work reviews recent works and progress recorded in laser welding of similar and dissimilar titanium alloy joints under varying processing parameters. The essential findings highlighting the impact of laser processing variables on the evolution of microstructural features, mechanical characteristics, and variations in corrosion resistance associated with laser-welded titanium joints in different environments are extensively highlighted. Finally, insightful information and prospects on laser welding of similar and dissimilar titanium alloy joints are provided. 

A critical review of microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded similar and dissimilar titanium alloy joints

The laser welding of Ti6Al4V alloy to 304 stainless steel using a 1-mm-thick Cu interlayer was developed by changing the laser power. The fracture characteristics of joints were analyzed by SEM, EDS, and XRD. The fracture examinations indicated that both the joint strength and the fracture occurrence location in the joints depend on the laser power settings. The optimal value for the maximized tensile strength of the joints, up to 300 MPa, was obtained at a power of 4 kW. Increasing the laser power by 4 kW increased the tensile strength; it decreased as the laser power exceeded 4 kW. In the 4-kW samples, the fracture characterization indicated that the higher remaining Cu deposited on the Ti sheet that caused the fracture path tended to make the fracture propagate toward the Cu interlayer. The fractography investigations illustrated that the fracture surface of a 4-kW joint had a greater rough area than that of either the 3- or the 6-kW joints. The XRD results demonstrated that the most of solid solution phases, such as αTi, (V), and (Ni) coexisting with various types of Al-intermetallics could occur on the fracture surface of a 4-kW weldment.

/pdf/fracture-surface-characterization-of-laser-welding-processed-4mpiwmchvm.pdf

Fracture surface characterization of laser welding processed Ti alloy to stainless steel joints

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Fracture surface characterization of laser welding processed Ti alloy to stainless steel joints