Electrochemical water splitting is a promising technology for sustainable conversion, storage, and transport of hydrogen energy. Searching for earth-abundant hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER) electrocatalysts with high activity and durability to replace noble-metal-based catalysts plays paramount importance in the scalable application of water electrolysis. A freestanding electrode architecture is highly attractive as compared to the conventional coated powdery form because of enhanced kinetics and stability. Herein, recent progress in developing transition-metal-based HER/OER electrocatalytic materials is reviewed with selected examples of chalcogenides, phosphides, carbides, nitrides, alloys, phosphates, oxides, hydroxides, and oxyhydroxides. Focusing on self-supported electrodes, the latest advances in their structural design, controllable synthesis, mechanistic understanding, and strategies for performance enhancement are presented. Remaining challenges and future perspectives for the further development of self-supported electrocatalysts are also discussed.

Self-Supported Transition-Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution

Heterogenous electrocatalysts based on transition metal sulfides (TMS) are being actively explored in renewable energy research because nanostructured forms support high intrinsic activities for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, it is described how researchers are working to improve the performance of TMS-based materials by manipulating their internal and external nanoarchitectures. A general introduction to the water-splitting reaction is initially provided to explain the most important parameters in accessing the catalytic performance of nanomaterials catalysts. Later, the general synthetic methods used to prepare TMS-based materials are explained in order to delve into the various strategies being used to achieve higher electrocatalytic performance in the HER. Complementary strategies can be used to increase the OER performance of TMS, resulting in bifunctional water-splitting electrocatalysts for both the HER and the OER. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities of TMS materials in the context of water splitting are summarized. The aim herein is to provide insights gathered in the process of studying TMS, and describe valuable guidelines for engineering other kinds of nanomaterial catalysts for energy conversion and storage technologies.

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:df1181f/UQdf1181f_OA.pdf

Nanoarchitectonics for Transition-Metal-Sulfide-Based Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting.

Although three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has gained much attention in the field of tissue engineering, there are still several significant engineering challenges to overcome, including lack of bioink with biocompatibility and printability. Here, we show a bioink created from silk fibroin (SF) for digital light processing (DLP) 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering applications. The SF-based bioink (Sil-MA) was produced by a methacrylation process using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) during the fabrication of SF solution. The mechanical and rheological properties of Sil-MA hydrogel proved to be outstanding in experimental testing and can be modulated by varying the Sil-MA contents. This Sil-MA bioink allowed us to build highly complex organ structures, including the heart, vessel, brain, trachea and ear with excellent structural stability and reliable biocompatibility. Sil-MA bioink is well-suited for use in DLP printing process and could be applied to tissue and organ engineering depending on the specific biological requirements.

/pdf/precisely-printable-and-biocompatible-silk-fibroin-bioink-3e54r7ou20.pdf

Precisely printable and biocompatible silk fibroin bioink for digital light processing 3D printing

Developing sustainable and renewable energy sources along with efficient energy storage and conversion technologies is vital to address environmental and energy challenges. Electrochemical water splitting coupling with grid‐scale renewable energy harvesting technologies is becoming one of the most promising approaches. Besides, hydrogen with the highest mass‐energy density of any fuel is regarded as the ultimate clean energy carrier. The realization of practical water splitting depends heavily on the development of low‐cost, highly active, and durable catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and oxygen evolution reactions (OERs). Recently, heterostructured catalysts, which are generally composed of electrochemical active materials and various functional additives, have demonstrated extraordinary electrocatalytic performance toward HER and OER, and particularly a number of precious‐metal‐free heterostructures delivered comparable activity with precious‐metal‐based catalysts. Herein, an overview is presented of recent research progress on heterostructured HER catalysts. It starts with summarizing the fundamentals of HER and approaches for evaluating HER activity. Then, the design and synthesis of heterostructures, electrochemical performance, and the related mechanisms for performance enhancement are discussed. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges are highlighted for the development of heterostructured HER catalysts from the points of view of both fundamental understandings and practical applications.

/pdf/heterostructures-for-electrochemical-hydrogen-evolution-4gcg77rua6.pdf

Heterostructures for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: A Review

Seawater is one of the most abundant natural resources on our planet. Electrolysis of seawater is not only a promising approach to produce clean hydrogen energy, but also of great significance to seawater desalination. The implementation of seawater electrolysis requires robust and efficient electrocatalysts that can sustain seawater splitting without chloride corrosion, especially for the anode. Here we report a three-dimensional core-shell metal-nitride catalyst consisting of NiFeN nanoparticles uniformly decorated on NiMoN nanorods supported on Ni foam, which serves as an eminently active and durable oxygen evolution reaction catalyst for alkaline seawater electrolysis. Combined with an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst of NiMoN nanorods, we have achieved the industrially required current densities of 500 and 1000 mA cm−2 at record low voltages of 1.608 and 1.709 V, respectively, for overall alkaline seawater splitting at 60 °C. This discovery significantly advances the development of seawater electrolysis for large-scale hydrogen production. Seawater electrolysis is a promising approach to produce hydrogen fuel and is also of great significance to seawater desalination. Here, the authors prepare 3D core-shell metal-nitride catalysts from earth-abundant elements for high-performance alkaline seawater electrolysis.

/pdf/non-noble-metal-nitride-based-electrocatalysts-for-high-4vljz5ryqm.pdf

Non-noble metal-nitride based electrocatalysts for high-performance alkaline seawater electrolysis

Developing nonprecious oxygen evolution electrocatalysts that can work well at large current densities is of primary importance in a viable water-splitting technology. Herein, a facile ultrafast (5 s) synthetic approach is reported that produces a novel, efficient, non-noble metal oxygen-evolution nano-electrocatalyst that is composed of amorphous Ni-Fe bimetallic hydroxide film-coated, nickel foam (NF)-supported, Ni3 S2 nanosheet arrays. The composite nanomaterial (denoted as Ni-Fe-OH@Ni3 S2 /NF) shows highly efficient electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at large current densities, even in the order of 1000 mA cm-2 . Ni-Fe-OH@Ni3 S2 /NF also gives an excellent catalytic stability toward OER both in 1 m KOH solution and in 30 wt% KOH solution. Further experimental results indicate that the effective integration of high catalytic reactivity, high structural stability, and high electronic conductivity into a single material system makes Ni-Fe-OH@Ni3 S2 /NF a remarkable catalytic ability for OER at large current densities.

Ultrafast Formation of Amorphous Bimetallic Hydroxide Films on 3D Conductive Sulfide Nanoarrays for Large-Current-Density Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis.

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Ultrafast Formation of Amorphous Bimetallic Hydroxide Films on 3D Conductive Sulfide Nanoarrays for Large-Current-Density Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis.