Since the energy sector is the dominant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, the decarbonization of energy systems is crucial for climate change mitigation. Two major challenges of energy systems decarbonization are renewable transition planning and sustainable systems operations. To address the challenges, incorporating emerging information and communication technologies can facilitate both the design and operations of future smart energy systems with high penetrations of renewable energy and decentralized structures. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of the applicability of emerging information and communication technologies in renewable transition and smart energy systems, including artificial intelligence, quantum computing, blockchain, next-generation communication technologies, and the metaverse. Relevant research directions are introduced through reviewing existing literature. This review concludes with a discussion of the industrial use cases and demonstrations of smart energy technologies. 

Emerging Information and Communication Technologies for Smart Energy Systems and Renewable Transition

A two-stage rolling optimization strategy for park-level integrated energy system considering multi-energy flexibility

Faced with uncertain heating supply task in heating season, the combined heat and power (CHP) unit groups in “Three North Areas” of China with considerable capacity of wind power often operate in heat-controlled mode with limited flexibility, which exacerbates the wind power curtailment. In order to further improve the operation flexibility of CHP unit group and the wind power penetration level, a hybrid system based on CHP unit group embedded with electrical boiler subsystem and combined heat and compressed air energy storage (CH-CAES) subsystem is proposed. A novel operation strategy on power generation side considering device reserve constraints and transient behaviors is put forward. Then, a bi-level optimization algorithm based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is utilized. Finally, a completed heat season case is conducted to investigate the dynamic behaviors and the performance of the improved system. The simulation results of optimal plan mainly dominated by ratio of abandoned wind (ROAW) show that energy and exergy efficiencies with remaining stored energy can be improved by 3.52 % and 2.86 % compared with the basic system, respectively. For the economic performance, the levelized cost of heat (LCOH) drops by 43.56 % while levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) increases by 4.99 %. In the environmental aspect, the coal consumption, CO2 and SO2 emission can reduce by 7.35 %, 7.34 % and 7.35 %, respectively. The result shows that the improved system can decrease the curtailed wind power significantly and boost the CHP operation flexibility remarkably. Meanwhile, the dynamic behaviors of system components in reasonable scope mean that the fluctuant renewable energy can be eliminated efficiently, validating the effectiveness of the proposed system in high shared wind region simultaneously. 

Multi-objective optimization of a hybrid system based on combined heat and compressed air energy storage and electrical boiler for wind power penetration and heat-power decoupling purposes

Mobile applications have rapidly grown over the past few decades to offer futuristic applications, such as autonomous vehicles, smart farming, and smart city. Such applications require ubiquitous, real-time, and secure communications to deliver services quickly. Toward this aim, sixth-generation (6G) wireless technology offers superior performance with high reliability, enhanced transmission rate, and low latency. However, managing the resources of the aforementioned applications is highly complex in the precarious network. An adversary can perform various network-related attacks (i.e., data injection or modification) to jeopardize the regular operation of the smart applications. Therefore, incorporating blockchain technology in the smart application can be a prominent solution to tackle security, reliability, and data-sharing privacy concerns. Motivated by the same, we presented a case study on public safety applications that utilizes the essential characteristics of artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and a 6G network to handle data integrity attacks on the crime data. The case study is assessed using various performance parameters by considering blockchain scalability, packet drop ratio, and training accuracy. Lastly, we explored different research challenges of adopting blockchain in the 6G wireless network.

/pdf/blockchain-driven-intelligent-scheme-for-iot-based-public-1dcempwx.pdf

Blockchain-Driven Intelligent Scheme for IoT-Based Public Safety System beyond 5G Networks

Energy storage systems have a critical part in enabling greater use of intermittent energy resources. For a sustainable energy supply mix, compressed air energy storage systems offer several advantages through the integration of practical and flexible types of equipment in the overall energy system. The primary advantage of these systems is the management of the duration of the peak load of multiple generation sources in 'islanded operation' without connection to the electricity network. Here, research introduces and analyzes a novel multigeneration system for electrical power, cooling, heating, potable water, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen production to improve the industrial aspects of the system for more profitability and efficiency with lower environmental impacts. The system involves three main sub-systems: CAES, combined cooling, heat & power, and a desalination unit. To assess the performance of the system, technical, economic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental studies are conducted. The results regarding the energy and exergy studies reveal that the system presents great potential for reliable operation during peak demand hours. The round-trip efficiency is 74.5 % producing 1721 kW of electrical power with concurrent cooling and heating loads at 272.9 and 334.6 kW, respectively. Economically, the levelized costs of heating/cooling, clean desalinated water, and electricity are 26.4 US$/GJ, 2 US$/lit, and 4.5 cents/kWh, respectively. Finally, the outcomes of the exergoenvironmental study display that the sustainability index for the system is 1.7. 

Exergoeconomic assessment of a high-efficiency compressed air energy storage system

Stochastic optimal dispatch of combined heat and power integrated AA-CAES power station considering thermal inertia of DHN

In the smart grid, the sharing of power data among various energy entities can make the data play a higher value. However, there may be unauthorized access while sharing data, which makes many entities unwilling to share their data to prevent data leakage. Based on blockchain and ABAC (Attribute-based Access Control) technology, this paper proposes an access control scheme, so that users can achieve fine-grained access control of their data when sharing them. The solution uses smart contract to achieve automated and reliable policy evaluation. IPFS (Interplanetary File System) is used for off-chain distributed storage to share the storage pressure of blockchain and guarantee the reliable storage of data. At the same time, all processes in the system are stored in the blockchain, ensuring the accountability of the system. Finally, the experiment proves the feasibility of the proposed scheme.

A Blockchain and ABAC Based Data Access Control Scheme in Smart Grid

Virtual power plants are among the promising ways that variable generation and flexible demand may be optimally balanced in the future. The virtual power plant is an important branch of the energy internet, and it plays an important role in the aggregation of distributed power generation resources and the establishment of virtual power resource transactions. However, in the existing virtual power plant model, the following problems are becoming increasingly prominent, such as safeguard, credit rating system, privacy protection, benefit distribution. Firstly, the operation and transaction mechanism of the virtual power plant was introduced. Then, the blockchain technology is introduced into the virtual power plant transaction to make it more conducive to the information transparent, stable dispatch system, data security, and storage security. Finally, the operation and transaction system based on blockchain technology for the virtual power plant was design.

Research and Implementation on the Operation and Transaction System Based on Blockchain Technology for Virtual Power Plant

Recently, significant advances have been made in the autonomous driving field, with vehicles capable of traveling vast areas independently. Meanwhile, the operators face several uncertainties such as volatility in charging demand, intrinsic intermittency of green energy supply, etc....Accordingly, this study proposes an integrated green transportation system based on 6G Internet of Things (IoT) and big data technology, aiming at integrating state grid, electric vehicles and renewable energy to address these concerns. Furthermore, this study analyzes the performance of the proposed system using both actual and simulation data. The numerical results justify that the suggested techniques greatly enhance the charging index of electric vehicles compared to the benchmark method.

6G Based Intelligent Charging Management for Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Network data is distributed data on electricity, with the explosive growth of network data, and it has become an inevitable trend of network development to synergized and shared crossdomain scattered data and enhances the value transmission of network data. Federated learning, as a technology that combines data value delivery and data privacy security, is widely concerned in the process of data sharing. However, currently federated learning is used within a single business system. In the process of crossdomain data sharing, how to ensure the data trust, model trust, and result trust of federated learning is still an urgent problem to be solved. To this end, we designed to use blockchain structure to record each behavior of data sharing. Based on its tamper-proof and traceability, combined with cryptography technology, we constructed an endogenous trusted architecture for crossdomain data sharing. In addition, a reverse auction node incentive mechanism based on high credit preference is designed to solve the common problems in data sharing, such as low enthusiasm of users in sharing, unstable data quality of contributions, and unreasonable distribution of data sharing benefits. Through theoretical analysis and experimental verification, it can be seen that the incentive mechanism designed in this paper can meet the authenticity, user rationality, and budget feasibility. On this basis, it can motivate users to participate in data sharing, improve the average quality of data shared by users, and ensure security and trustworthiness and resist malicious attacks to a certain extent.

/pdf/trusted-data-sharing-mechanism-based-on-blockchain-and-s9izq1gx.pdf

Trusted Data Sharing Mechanism Based on Blockchain and Federated Learning in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks

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