An unalloyed ductile iron containing 3.42 C wt.%, 2.63 Si wt.% and 0.318 Mn wt.% was intercritically austenitized in two-phase region (α + γ) at various temperatures of 795 °C, and 815 °C for 20 min and then quenched into salt bath held at austempering temperature of 365 °C for various times to obtain austempered ductile iron (ADI) with different ausferrite volume fractions distributed in soft proeutectoid ferrite matrix. Some samples were also conventionally austempered for comparison reason. For austempered samples, the tensile strength and hardness decreased with increasing the austempering time, whereas the elongation increased considerably. In addition, the abrasive wear behavior of as cast and ADI's with dual matrix structure was studied under different loads without lubrication. It was found that the wear resistance of ADI with dual matrix structure was superior to that of as cast iron. Among the austempered samples, the lowest weight loss was observed for conventionally austempered samples with its wholly ausferritic structure throughout the specimen while the highest weight loss was obtained for the samples having the lowest ausferrite volume fractions in those samples with dual matrix structures. Moreover, wear resistance increased with increasing ausferrite volume fraction and decreasing austempering time in all tested samples.

Wear behavior of austempered ductile irons with dual matrix structures

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a type of graphite cast iron produced by an isothermal heat treatment process. It is an alternative to traditional steel castings and forgings and even aluminum due to the exceptional mechanical properties such as high strength, good toughness and excellent machinability. In the matrix, the unique ausferritic structure consists of graphite nodules uniformly surrounded by acicular ferrite and carbon saturated austenite. In the automotive industry, ADI has been commonly applied in the manufacturing of camshafts, crankshafts, gears and engine valves. These components are frequently subjected to surface contact with relative motion and external load. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the wear behavior of ADI in order to solve the tribological issues in existing ADI applications and utilize ADI into future designs appropriately. This paper was aimed at reviewing the fabrication processes of single-step and dual-step ADIs. The corresponding microstructure and mechanical properties were also briefly discussed. The studies on wear performance of ADI and potential mechanisms have been systemically reviewed.

A review: phase transformation and wear mechanisms of single-step and dual-step austempered ductile irons

Sliding wear behavior of a ferritic–pearlitic ductile cast iron with different nodule count

Wear and friction behavior of austempered ductile iron as railway wheel material

Austempered ductile iron has been considered as a substitution to replace conventional steel castings, steel forgings and even aluminum in many applications. Its excellent mechanical properties are mainly attributed to its unique ausferritic structure containing acicular ferrite and carbon saturated austenite. Some ADI components such as camshaft and engine valve commonly experience surface contact and relative motion under external load and pressure. Outstanding wear resistance of ADI is required to ensure the satisfactory working performance and service life of these key components. In order to meet the advanced requirements of mechanical properties and wear behavior of ADI, a dual-step austempering process and additional surface hardening treatments are suggested to be utilized. In this review, conventional single-step austempering process and corresponding ausferritic structure are introduced. Second, the positive effects of a novel dual-step austempering process on microstructure and mechanical properties of ADI are provided. Next, wear behavior of single-step and dual-step ADIs and wear mechanisms are discussed. Then, studies regarding the applications of surface hardening treatments on wear resistance of ADI are reviewed. Finally, a summary and expectations are discussed. The information presented in this paper would be beneficial to future studies and applications for any grade of ADI.

Microstructure, wear behavior and surface hardening of austempered ductile iron

Un-lubricated sliding wear performance of unalloyed austempered ductile iron under high contact stresses

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Un-lubricated sliding wear performance of unalloyed austempered ductile iron under high contact stresses