The mid-infrared fiber lasers in the 2–3.5 μm spectral regions have been extensively applied in many application fields, such as biomedicine, telecommunications, military and nonlinear optics. With the improvements of the fiber components, the pumping regimes and other related technologies, the mid-infrared fiber lasers have made significant progress over the past decades and gradually become comparable with or supersede the traditional lasers in terms of certain lasing performance. In this review, from the beginning with the overview of fiber materials for the mid-infrared regions, we briefly summarize and review the latest research progress of mid-infrared continuous-wave (CW) and short pulse fiber lasers, including Tm3+-, Ho3+-doped, Tm3+-Ho3+ co-doped silicate fiber lasers for the 2 μm region and Er3+-, Ho3+-doped, Ho3+-Pr3+ co-doped ZBLAN fiber lasers for the 2.8–3.5 μm region. The advances of saturable absorbers applied in the mid-infrared pulse fiber lasers are also explored. Finally, the future prospects and challenges concerning the further development of mid-infrared fiber lasers are discussed and highlighted.

Recent developments in mid-infrared fiber lasers: Status and challenges

As a two-dimensional material, MXene has accordion-like structures and possesses highly tunable and tailorable electro-optical capabilities, which suggests that it can be extensively used for elect...

MXene Photonic Devices for Near-Infrared to Mid-Infrared Ultrashort Pulse Generation

We provide a perspective review over the recent development of short-pulsed Raman fiber lasers (RFLs), which can provide laser emissions with flexible wavelengths for a variety of applications as well as an excellent platform to investigate various nonlinear pulse dynamics behaviors that cannot be captured in conventional rare-earth (RE) doped counterparts Various pulse generation techniques have been explored in RFLs However, the output pulse performance in terms of the pulse energy, duration and stability from short-pulsed RFLs is still inferior to their RE-doped counterparts despite significant advances made over the past few decades Therefore, more efforts are required to improve these targets In this review, we present a detailed overview of the short-pulsed RFLs based on different mechanisms from the principle to the experiment, including the Q-switching, gain-switching, mode-locking, synchronous pumping and other innovative techniques In addition, Raman-induced pulse dynamics in ultrafast RFLs and RE-doped mode-locked fiber lasers (MLFLs) are briefly reviewed Finally, a perspective outlook for the future ultrafast RFLs is provided based on their potential applications in industrial and scientific research areas

Short-pulsed Raman fiber laser and its dynamics

.................................................................................................................................... III TABLE DES MATIERES ............................................................................................................... IV LISTE DES TABLEAUX................................................................................................................. VI LISTE DES FIGURES ................................................................................................................... VII LISTE DES ABBREVIATIONS ET DES ACRONYMES ........................................................... XI REMERCIEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... XIV AVANT-PROPOS ..........................................................................................................................XV 0. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 0.1 Les motivations ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 0.2 Pourquoi le supercontinuum (en bref...) ? ..................................................................................................... 1 0.3 Pourquoi l’infrarouge moyen? ............................................................................................................................ 2 0.4 Pourquoi la fibre optique? .................................................................................................................................... 4 1. CHAPITRE 1 : BASES THEORIQUES ET APPLICATIONS SUR LA GENERATION DE SUPERCONTINUUM ............................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Applications des sources de supercontinuum .............................................................................................. 7 1.1.1 La télédétection ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.2 La microspectroscopie .................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Revue de littérature ............................................................................................................................................. 19 1.2.1 Les lasers de pompage disponibles émettant dans le mid-IR ...................................................................... 19 1.2.2 Les SC pompés par des lasers à l’état solide ......................................................................................................... 28 1.2.3 Les SC pompés par des lasers à fibre optique ...................................................................................................... 33 1.2.4 Conclusion de la revue de littérature ....................................................................................................................... 38 1.3 La fibre optique, sa conception et l’optique linéaire ............................................................................... 39 1.3.1 La fibre optique à saut d’indice ................................................................................................................................... 39 1.3.2 Le choix des verres ............................................................................................................................................................ 40 1.3.3 La constante de propagation et la dispersion de guidage .............................................................................. 44 1.3.4 Les techniques pour ajuster la dispersion de guidage ..................................................................................... 45

https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/bitstream/20.500.11794/38229/1/35603.pdf

Génération de supercontinuum dans l'infrarouge moyen à partir de fibres optiques à saut d'indice

An ultra-high order harmonically mode-locked Raman fiber laser with a high signal-to-noise ratio has been proposed and demonstrated. We apply the nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) technique as the mode-locker in the Raman fiber laser. The underlying harmonic mode-locking (HML) mechanism is discussed to achieve ultra-high order HML in the Raman fiber laser. Up to 5044th ultra-high order HML has been obtained with a signal-to-noise ratio of up to 42.5dB. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest order of the passive harmonic mode-locking achieved so far from a Raman fiber laser using the NPR or similar techniques.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.7567/1882-0786/ab3475/pdf

Ultra-high order harmonic mode-locking of a Raman fiber laser

We report a tunable continuous-wave and Bi 2 Te 3 Q-switched Er3+:ZBLAN fiber laser based on a volume Bragg grating (VBG), which demonstrates that VBGs exhibit great potential in wavelength selection for applications in mid-infrared tunable laser sources.

Volume Bragg grating based tunable continuous-wave and Bi 2 Te 3 Q-switched Er 3+ :ZBLAN fiber laser

We experimentally demonstrate the operation of a stable harmonically mode-locked Raman fiber laser based on the nonlinear polarization rotation technique. A maximum average output power of up to 235 mW is achieved at the repetition rate of 466.2 MHz, corresponding to the 1665th order harmonic mode-locking. The temporal width of the mode-locked pulse train is 450 ps. The experimental results should shed some light on the design of wavelength versatile ultrashort lasers with high repetition rate and average output power.

High average power harmonic mode-locking of a Raman fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization evolution

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Volume Bragg grating based tunable continuous-wave and Bi 2 Te 3 Q-switched Er 3+ :ZBLAN fiber laser

High average power harmonic mode-locking of a Raman fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization evolution