https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/katul/AFM_LAW_2002.pdf

Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation

At a local scale, forest trees and stands have a marked influence on climate; thus it is possible to define microclimates. These effects depend on local climatic characteristics and stand type. All climatic parameters should be considered, but partic ular attention should be paid to temperature, light and water. From a silvicultural point of view knowledge of the interactions exis ting between microclimatic conditions and stands, in conjunction with information now available concerning tree ecophysiology make i t possible to produce viable applications which are useful for silviculture during stand formation, and for applying silvicultura l treat- ments. Whitout a doubt, taking forest cover interactions into account (climate and ecophysiological potential of species) is th e basis of sustainable management in forests. Based on the current knowledge about young stands, it is possible to use existing vegetat ion cover, in a more or less modified form, to improve temperature conditions especially in relation to spring frost damage, and to improve water conditions for both plant uptake and plant growth for a variable period depending on the species, but for a minim um of 4 to 5 years. For clearing and thinning, the effects of microclimatic changes created by this type of forestry management, a nd con- sequently the response of trees in terms of photosynthesis and growth, are now well defined. forest stands / microclimate / ecophysiology / silviculture

/pdf/interactions-between-forest-stands-and-microclimate-1fua2x4q8y.pdf

Interactions between forest stands and microclimate: Ecophysiological aspects and consequences for silviculture

A review of rainfall interception modelling

Modelling interception loss for two sparse eucalypt and pine forests in central Portugal using reformulated Rutter and Gash analytical models

Tree transpiration was determined by xylem sap flow and eddy correlation measurements in a temperate broad-leaved forest of Nothofagus in New Zealand (tree height: up to 36 m, one-sided leaf area index: 7). Measurements were carried out on a plot which had similar stem circumference and basal area per ground area as the stand. Plot sap flux density agreed with tree canopy transpiration rate determined by the difference between above-canopy eddy correlation and forest floor lysimeter evaporation measurements. Daily sap flux varied by an order of magnitude among trees (2 to 87 kg day-1 tree-1). Over 50% of plot sap flux density originated from 3 of 14 trees which emerged 2 to 5 m above the canopy. Maximum tree transpiration rate was significantly correlated with tree height, stem sapwood area, and stem circumference. Use of water stored in the trees was minimal. It is estimated that during growth and crown development, Nothofagus allocates about 0.06 m of circumference of main tree trunk or 0.01 m2 of sapwood per kg of water transpired over one hour.Maximum total conductance for water vapour transfer (including canopy and aerodynamic conductance) of emergent trees, calculated from sap flux density and humidity measurements, was 9.5 mm s-1 that is equivalent to 112 mmol m-2 s-1 at the scale of the leaf. Artificially illuminated shoots measured in the stand with gas exchange chambers had maximum stomatal conductances of 280 mmol m-2 s-1 at the top and 150 mmol m-2 s-1 at the bottom of the canopy. The difference between canopy and leaf-level measurements is discussed with respect to effects of transpiration on humidity within the canopy. Maximum total conductance was significantly correlated with leaf nitrogen content. Mean carbon isotope ratio was -27.76±0.27‰ (average ±s.e.) indicating a moist environment. The effects of interactions between the canopy and the atmosphere on forest water use dynamics are shown by a fourfold variation in coupling of the tree canopy air saturation deficit to that of the overhead atmosphere on a typical fine day due to changes in stomatal conductance.

Transpiration and canopy conductance in a pristine broad-leaved forest of Nothofagus : an analysis of xylem sap flow and eddy correlation measurements

Partitioning evapotranspiration into tree and understorey components in two young pinus radiata D. Don stands

A canopy water balance model for a Pinus radiata stand before and after thinning

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Partitioning evapotranspiration into tree and understorey components in two young pinus radiata D. Don stands

A canopy water balance model for a Pinus radiata stand before and after thinning