A linear relationship between the level of field emission current and adjacent vacuum environment is experimentally observed over a wide range of vacuum condition. A gated-field-emission triode with its emitter tip apex above the gate electrode can survive under much worse vacuum environments and make the measurements possible. Improved transconductance is also reported with such a robust structure.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/3584/10696/00499223.pdf

A robust gated-field-emission triode

Extending the emitter tip apex above the gate electrode can effectively prevent the arcing induced by local outgas accumulated inside the cavity for short-lived gated-field-emission triodes. The devices with such an extended tip can perform much better in terms of reliability and transconductance.

Device geometry design for a highly robust gated-field-emission triode

Gated-Field-Emission Triode from the cone-tip formation process to its emission properties has been systematically characterized. Process simulation shows that the successful formation of the micro tip structure is mainly determined by the migration length of the e-beam evaporated layer. The measured triode characteristics matches well with the simulated program in the saturation region with proper tip radius adjustment without an artificial enhancement factor. The calculated enhancement factor matches well with other published data.

Process and device characterization of a gated-field-emission triodes for flat-panel display application

The high proportion of renewable distributed power in the distribution network has a series of impacts on the safety and economy of the power grid. Based on the output characteristics and cost characteristics of distributed energy, this paper proposes the evaluation model of the aggregated output range of VPP and the quotation model of VPP. An optimization method is proposed to encourage distributed energy to participate in voltage regulation auxiliary services. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization method is presented, which takes minimizing system voltage deviation, network loss and auxiliary service cost as objectives. The Pareto solution set is solved by the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. Taking an area with a high proportion of distributed energy as an example, the effectiveness of the model and algorithm is verified, the relationship between optimization objectives is discussed, and flexible optimization options are provided. 

Source-grid collaborated multi-objective optimization based on virtual power plant

In order to solve the problems of serious axial and tangential leakage and low torque density in the magnetic circuit axial permanent magnet gear (APMG), an external regulating ring is introduced on the basis of APMG to form a dual-excitation and modulation APMG structure, namely DEM-APMG. The low speed rotor of DEM-APMG is clamped between the inner and outer magnetizing rings to generate dual-excitation field (i.e. dual excitation). At the same time, the inner and outer magnetizing rings modulate the low speed rotor dual-directionally modulation (i.e. dual modulation). The axial and tangential leakage flux of APMG can be converted into useful harmonics to increase the output torque and torque density on the basis of APMG. In this study, mathematical analysis is used to describe the air gap magnetic density and electromagnetic torque model of a DEM-APMG, which essentially describes the root cause of the increase in torque density. Using 3D finite element static and dynamic simulations, the transmission characteristics of the APMG and DEM-APMG are compared and analyzed. Results show that the maximum static torque of the DEM-APMG high-speed and low-speed rotors with the same outer diameter increase by 22.7% and 23.8%, respectively, compared with APMG, 26% and 29%, respectively, in steady-state operation, and the torque density increases by 24%. The influence of the primary structural parameters on the transmission characteristics is also investigated using the control variable method. Results show that the duty cycle of the magnet adjusting block, the axial length of the high-speed permanent magnet and the low-speed permanent magnet have the strongest effect on the torque density of the DEM-APMG. When the axial length of the high-speed permanent magnet and low-speed permanent magnet is 8mm, and the duty cycle is 0.4, the torque density can reach the optimal value of 156kNm/m3.

Design and characteristic analysis of dual-excitation and dual-modulation axial permanent magnetic gear

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Process and device characterization of a gated-field-emission triodes for flat-panel display application

Source-grid collaborated multi-objective optimization based on virtual power plant

Design and characteristic analysis of dual-excitation and dual-modulation axial permanent magnetic gear