SUMMARY The Fell Sandstone Group in north-east England forms part of a fluvio-deltaic Lower Carboniferous Visean sequence that was deposited within the Northumberland Basin and the smaller Tweed Basin following their initiation by rifting and subsidence in the late Devonian/early Carboniferous. The Fell Sandstone was deposited by a large braided-river complex which drained westwards into a shallow, low-energy tideless sea. Outcrop studies have indicated that the Fell Sandstone Group is composed almost entirely of sandstone with a paucity of overbank fines (less than 20%). However, a number of boreholes drilled for a hydrogeological study in the Tweed Basin indicate that in this region the Fell Sandstone Group may contain 50 to 60% mudstone. Seven mappable sandstone units have been identified within the field area, separated by laterally persistent mudstone units. Pumping test data indicate that many of the sandstone units are in good communication, whereas others are in isolation. Thickness variations between wells indicate that many of the sand units have a lenticular geometry. Regional compilation of borehole data through the Fell Sandstone across the Northumberland Basin highlights a number of lateral facies changes which cannot be assigned simply to a relationship of distance from source. In the early Carboniferous a number of faults within the Northumberland Basin were active during the deposition of the Fell Sandstone. Local variations in facies and sandstone thickness within the Fell Sandstone Group can be explained using simple tilted fault-block models. Where a particular fault changes polarity of throw local thickness and extent of

Fell Sandstone lithostratigraphy south-west of Berwick-upon-Tweed: implications for the regional development of the Fell Sandstone

An early Visean, anhydrite-rich, carbonate-clastic succession, of vertical thickness 3784 feet (no base) was found in 1990 at the Easton-1 well in the Solway Basin, onshore Cumbria. The succession is stratigraphically located in the Lower Border Group where only traces of evaporites had been found at outcrop. It is proposed to name the succession the ‘Easton Anhydrite Facies of the Lower Border Group’, abbreviated to ‘EA Beds’. The EA Beds are divided into three units. Unit 1 at the top, about 400 feet thick, contains two sequences of upwardly thickening anhydrite beds within mixed lithologies. Unit 2, about 2100 feet thick, consists of nine cyclic sequences of limestones, shales and sandstones with numerous interbeds of anhydrite. Overall similarity of several of the sequences suggests similar origins. Unit 2 sequences are grouped into three megacycles, two of approximately 750 feet and one 590 feet thick. Deposition is interpreted to have taken place in arid or partly arid climatic conditions, within a shallow and rapidly, but uniformly subsiding basin with glacio-eustatically controlled rise and fall of sea level. Many of the Unit 2 anhydrite beds are interpreted to be of subaqueous origin. Unit 3, about 1500 feet thick, displays complex patterns of cyclicity with sedimentation apparently responding directly to solar insolation under orbitally induced control within Milankovitch periodicities of 100 000 and 400 000 years. Seismic interpretation indicates that the regional extent of the EA Beds is greater than 1000 km 2 .

Early Dinantian evaporites of the Easton-1 well, Solway Basin, onshore, Cumbria, England

Seismic and well data establish the three-dimensional geometry and structural evolution of the Northumberland–Solway Basin. The basin-controlling southerly bounding normal faults, the E–W-trending Maryport–Stublick–Ninety Fathom fault system, formed in early Carboniferous times by extensional reactivation of a major basement thrust zone. The faults are sub-planar with a present-day throw (at the base of the Carboniferous) of

The evolution and hydrocarbon potential of the Northumberland–Solway Basin

Synopsis Distinctive, vertically accreted rhythmitcs, in which evenly stratified bands of fine-grained silty sandstone alternate with much thinner bands of silty mudstone, overlie the thick marine mudstones above the Orchard and Calmy limestones in the Upper Limestone Group of the Kincardine Basin, east of Stirling. Each sandy band, together with the overlying mudstone band, is thought to represent a tidal bundle, with the sandstones being deposited during the more rapid stages of tidal flow and the mudstones during slack water. Successive sandstone bands are alternately thick and thin, reflecting dominant and subordinate tides, so that the mudstone bands are grouped into pairs. The rhythmites are similar to some Holocene vertically accreted tidal deposits, but more closely resemble Pennsylvanian tidal rhythmites in the Illinois Basin in which regular neap—spring—neap tidal cycles have been identified. Marine flooding was unusually widespread and deep during the major transgressions associated with the two limestones. This flooding may have produced wide, funnel-shaped inlets which amplified the tidal range, as well as ponding back rivers and consequently markedly reducing siliciclastic input into the basin. Tidal processes probably influenced British Carboniferous sedimentation more commonly than has hitherto been supposed.

Evidence of tidal influences in Arnsbergian rhythmites in the Kincardine Basin

The Carboniferous rocks of the Pennine Basin form the topographical spine of the region between the Scottish Border and the Peak District. They provided many of the mineral resources that fuelled the Industrial Revolution and the growth of the great northern English cities. The description of these resources was very much a focus of early papers in the Proceedings, but they went beyond the assessment of their economic importance, providing striking early insights into our understanding of deep time when the Bible still had a strong control on scientific thinking. Over a 180 year history of publication, the Proceedings and Occasional Publications contain an unparalleled description of the rocks of the Pennine Basin of Carboniferous deposition, and they continue to provide great insight into what have been intensively studied successions but of which much still remains to be learned. This review considers the relevance of these publications to our understanding of the sedimentology of Carboniferous strata, the geometries of Carboniferous basins, how these basins constrained the formation of reefs and controlled the movement of rivers and deltas in the process of eventual infill of these basins, and how sea-level variations influenced the development of cyclical successions, the hallmark of much of the Carboniferous succession.

The contribution of publications of the Yorkshire Geological Society to the understanding of the geological development of the Carboniferous Pennine Basin, northern England

SUMMARY A sedimentological study has been made of the core from the Stonehaugh Borehole, which proved strata from the Visean Middle and Upper Border groups of central Northumberland. Much of the Middle Border Group was deposited in a fluvially dominated delta, in interdistributary bays, minor mouth bars, crevasse splays and backswamps. However, a significant part of the group was deposited under more arid conditions in temporary lakes and on muddy floodplains. Sediments of the Upper Border Group were more tidally influenced, being deposited on tidal flats and as bay in-fills. All of these associations are locally cut by major fluvial and delta distributary channels. The transition from fluvial to tidally influenced sedimentation close to the Middle/Upper Border Group boundary is broadly coincident with a period of volcanism, footwall uplift and changing palaeogeography associated with the transition from extensional to thermal relaxation subsidence in the Northumberland Trough.

The sedimentology of the Middle and Upper Border groups (Viséan) in the Stonehaugh Borehole, Northumberland

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The sedimentology of the Middle and Upper Border groups (Viséan) in the Stonehaugh Borehole, Northumberland