DARk matter WImp search with liquid xenoN (DARWIN(2)) will be an experiment for the direct detection of dark matter using a multi-ton liquid xenon time projection chamber at its core. Its primary g ...

/pdf/darwin-towards-the-ultimate-dark-matter-detector-2xp1zbo9d7.pdf

DARWIN: towards the ultimate dark matter detector

The worldwide race towards direct dark matter detection in the form of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) has been dramatically accelerated by the remarkable progress and evolution of liquid xenon time projection chambers (LXeTPCs). With a realistic discovery potential, Xenon100 has already reached a sensitivity of 7 × 10−45 cm2, and continues to accrue data at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy towards its ultimate sensitivity reach at the σ SI ∼ 2 × 10−45 cm2 level for the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross-section. To fully explore the favoured parameter space for WIMP dark matter in search of a first robust and statistically significant discovery, or to confirm any hint of a signal from Xenon100, the next phase of the Xenon program will be a detector at the ton scale – Xenon1T. The Xenon1T detector, based on 2.2 ton of LXe viewed by low radioactivity photomultiplier tubes and housed in a water Cherenkov muon veto at LNGS, is presented. With an experimental aim of probing WIMP interaction cross-sections above of order σ SI ∼ 2 × 10−47 cm2 within 2 years of operation, Xenon1T will provide the sensitivity to probe a particularly favourable region of electroweak physics on a timescale compatible with complementary ground and satellite based indirect searches and with accelerator dark matter searches at the LHC. Indeed, for a σ SI ∼ 10−45 cm2 and 100 GeV/c2 WIMP mass, Xenon1T could detect of order 100 events in this exposure, providing statistics for placing significant constraints on the WIMP mass.

pdf/the-xenonnt-dark-matter-search-experiment-55xqcjo3ee.pdf

The XENONnT Dark Matter Search Experiment

The XENON1T experiment at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) is the first WIMP dark matter detector operating with a liquid xenon target mass above the ton-scale. Out of its 3.2 t liquid xenon inventory, 2.0 t constitute the active target of the dual-phase time projection chamber. The scintillation and ionization signals from particle interactions are detected with low-background photomultipliers. This article describes the XENON1T instrument and its subsystems as well as strategies to achieve an unprecedented low background level. First results on the detector response and the performance of the subsystems are also presented.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-017-5326-3.pdf

The XENON1T dark matter experiment

DARk matter WImp search with liquid xenoN (DARWIN) will be an experiment for the direct detection of dark matter using a multi-ton liquid xenon time projection chamber at its core. Its primary goal will be to explore the experimentally accessible parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) in a wide mass-range, until neutrino interactions with the target become an irreducible background. The prompt scintillation light and the charge signals induced by particle interactions in the xenon will be observed by VUV sensitive, ultra-low background photosensors. Besides its excellent sensitivity to WIMPs above a mass of 5 GeV/c2, such a detector with its large mass, low-energy threshold and ultra-low background level will also be sensitive to other rare interactions. It will search for solar axions, galactic axion-like particles and the neutrinoless double-beta decay of 136-Xe, as well as measure the low-energy solar neutrino flux with <1% precision, observe coherent neutrino-nucleus interactions, and detect galactic supernovae. We present the concept of the DARWIN detector and discuss its physics reach, the main sources of backgrounds and the ongoing detector design and R&D efforts.

The XENON1T experiment aims for the direct detection of dark matter in a detector filled with 3.3 tons of liquid xenon. In order to achieve the desired sensitivity, the background induced by radioactive decays inside the detector has to be sufficiently low. One major contributor is the $$\beta $$
 -emitter $$^{85}$$
 Kr which is present in the xenon. For XENON1T a concentration of natural krypton in xenon $$\mathrm {^{nat}\mathrm{Kr/Xe}\,<\,200\,ppq}$$
 (parts per quadrillion, 
 $$1~\mathrm{ppq}~=10^{-15} \mathrm{mol/mol}$$
 ) is required. In this work, the design, construction and test of a novel cryogenic distillation column using the common McCabe–Thiele approach is described. The system demonstrated a krypton reduction factor of $$6.4\cdot 10^5$$
 with thermodynamic stability at process speeds above 3 kg/h. The resulting concentration of $$\mathrm {^{nat}\mathrm{Kr/Xe}<26\,ppq}$$
 is the lowest ever achieved, almost one order of magnitude below the requirements for XENON1T and even sufficient for future dark matter experiments using liquid xenon, such as XENONnT and DARWIN.

/pdf/removing-krypton-from-xenon-by-cryogenic-distillation-to-the-1frdx6ylw6.pdf

Removing krypton from xenon by cryogenic distillation to the ppq level

The radioactive isomer 83mKr, has many properties that make it very useful for various applications. Its low energy decay products, like conversion, shake-off and Auger electrons as well as X- and γ-rays are used for calibration purposes in neutrino mass experiments and direct dark matter detection experiments. Thanks to the short half-life of 1.83 h and the decay to the ground state 83Kr, one does not risk contamination of any low-background experiment with long-lived radionuclides. In this paper, we present a new approach, using 83mKr as a radioactive tracer in noble gases. A method of doping 83mKr, into xenon gas and its detection, using special custom-made detectors, based on a photomultiplier tube, is described. Two applications of this method are presented: firstly, it can be used to characterize the particle flow inside of gas routing systems and determine the circulation speed of gas particles inside of a gas purification system for xenon. Secondly, it is used for rapid estimating of the separation performance of a distillation system.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/9/10/P10010/pdf

A novel 83m Kr tracer method for characterizing xenon gas and cryogenic distillation systems

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A novel 83m Kr tracer method for characterizing xenon gas and cryogenic distillation systems