Medicinal plants of the genus Anthocleista--A review of their ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology.

This study examines religious influence on both environmental concern and behaviour, and perceptions and strategies of adaptation to environmental degradation in Northeast Nigeria. A good understanding of both dimensions of religion-environment connection is critical to theorising on the role of religion in current environmental crisis. The region provides a strong opportunity for study due to the severity of environmental degradation and the powerful role religion continues to play in all spheres of individual and community life. Drawing on sociological perspectives, the study combines statistical analysis with qualitative techniques to achieve its goals.
Lynn White's hypothesis, which proposes that religion predisposes individuals to engage in negative environmental behaviours, was used as a starting point to explore the links between religion and environmental attitudes and behaviour. While the hypothesis as formulated refers to patterns of behaviour in the Judeo-Christian west, it has been widely used in both western and non-western contexts to explore the connections between religion and the environment. This proposition was explored within the study population by using qualitative analysis of interviews with congregation leaders and statistical analysis of self-reported environmental attitudes and behaviour data, obtained via questionnaires administered to members of selected Christian and Muslim congregations. The study also analyses interviews with leaders of the participating congregations and environmental protection officials to explore how faith communities understand and respond to environmental change. 
In partial support for White's thesis, analysis found endorsement of 'dominance-over-nature' theologies among both Christian and Muslim participants. However, there is no evidence to support White's thesis that Christians are more likely than non-Christians to believe in human dominion-over-nature when the principals are applied to this study context. Although dominion-over-nature was strongly endorsed in the questionnaire data and widely reported in the narratives of the clergy, its majority interpretation as an ethical responsibility and command to 'look after' the rest of nature casts doubt on the assumption that the dominion belief predisposes religious individuals to devalue and destroy nature in all contexts.
Furthermore, the findings suggest that, contrary to the binary relationship speculated in White's hypothesis, and supported in the wider literature, dominion-over-nature involves a complex set of religious principles/beliefs that are interpreted both as 'divine authority' over nature and stewardship of nature. Moreover, analysis reveals strong evidence of three distinct motivations for pro-environmental actions, namely 'ecocentrism', 'anthropocentrism' and 'theocentrism', and a discrepancy between the principles and practices of religious environmentalism. 
The study then moves on from White's hypothesis to explore the broader factors affecting religious environmentalism. The study found religious environmentalism to be dependent on and constrained by additional factors, such as lack of material resources (poverty), lack of knowledge of religious and environmental principles and the social conditions under which environmental issues are prioritised.
Participants' understandings of the causes of environmental change include narratives that accept scientific accounts of anthropogenic environmental problems and point to institutional failures and social conditions as the underlying causes of environmental decline. Also salient are discourses that interpret environmental change from a purely theological standpoint, where environmental change is framed either as God's way of punishing humanity's wrong deeds or as a fulfilment of 'end times' prophesies. These different and conflicting understandings of environmental change have produced different narratives on the strategies of adaptation that range from activism to fatalism, adopted by different religious groups. 
The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings on theory and research, and environmental reform policies in the region and beyond.

/pdf/religion-and-the-environment-in-northeast-nigeria-dominion-18loymopm8.pdf

Religion and the Environment in Northeast Nigeria: Dominion, Stewardship, Fatalism and Agency

International development agenda under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has recorded remarkable achievement in poverty reduction and uplifting the standard of living of the poor people throughout the developing countries. However the progress of poverty reduction was limited in Nigeria. The Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project (LEEMP) was introduced as a new Community Driven Poverty Reduction Programmes under MDGs. This study aims to examine and evaluate the effectiveness of LEEMP and the factors that determine its performance. A total of 36 villages were selected through multistage sampling techniques in nine local government areas in Adamawa State of Nigeria.The samples selected for the study include 30 villages that implemented the infrastructure components projects of LEEMP and six villages that implemented economic components of LEEMP. The main data for the analysis was collected from household surveys covering 500 respondents for the evaluation of the infrastructure components projects and 300 respondents for the evaluation of the economic components projects. Apart from that, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were also carried out with 42 stakeholders and six key informants respectively in five selected villages for deeper insights of the factors for ineffective participation and weakness in the implementation of LEEMP.The analysis for determining the impacts of LEEMP were based on the comparison of the changes that occurs to the targeted outcome before and after implementation of LEEMP using paired sampled t-test.The analysis of participation and the factors for the performances of LEEMP were based on descriptive analysis of the opinions of the respondents whereas data from focus group discussions and indepth interviews were analysed through conversational matrix and content analysis separately. The study found that the LEEMP improved existing rural infrastructures by 54% in achieving the targeted provision of the infrastructure components. Moreover LEEMP also shows progress in improvement in the local economy such as increased in crop production, livestock production, family income but not successful in improving the income beyond poverty level. There is positive correlation between the impact of infrastructure components and level of community participation. Generally the short fall is due to lack of community participation, low accountability of institutions, and high level of poverty and illiteracy of participants. This study suggests incorporating and empowering more the participating community in the implementation of LEEMP.

Evaluation of local empowerment and environmental management project for rural development in Nigeria

The vegetation of Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Nigeria was analysed using data gathered with point-centred quarter method. 80 trees belonging to 29 species distributed in 21 families were encountered. The density of trees was 785 trees per hectare. The girth-size distribution curve indicated that the vegetation of Ngel Nyaki is stable and self-sustaining. The more dominant species based on Importance Values are Poulteria altissima, Polyscias fulva, Carapa grandiflora and Entandrophragma angolense. The least dominant species are Dombeya ledermanii, Celtis occidentalis and Croton macrostachyus. Keywords : Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Mambilla Plateau, vegetation analysis

/pdf/vegetation-analysis-of-ngel-nyaki-forest-reserve-mambilla-4pd7okegqz.pdf

Vegetation Analysis of Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) of the University of Wolverhampton

The Contribution of Pharmacy to The Management of HIV Patients at Maitama District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria

The relative distribution was investigated of turaco-preferred food plants in the main forest and the forest fragments of Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve in Taraba State, Nigeria. Data collection was carried out in three sections within the forest reserve and these include (i) forest fragment, (ii) within the main forest and (iii) the boundary area of the main forest. Ten plots with size of 25 m × 25 m were laid at an interval of 50 m in each of the three selected sites making a total of 30 plots for the sampling of turaco-preferred fruiting plant species. The numbers of fruiting tree species identified were 22, 25 and 24, and out of these only seven (31.8%), eight (32%) and six (25%) were preferred by turacos in the forest fragment, within the main forest and the boundary area of the main forest, respectively. The preferred fruiting plant species in the forest fragment was Syzygium guineense (48.6%), in the boundary area of the main forest was Ficus sp. (13.3%) and within the main forest was Polyscias fulva (3...

Spatial distribution of turaco-preferred food plants in Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Mambilla Plateau, Taraba State, Nigeria

Avian species in relation to plant community can be used to determine the health status of the ecosystem. Habitat destruction can lead to extinction of many bird species as well as other plant communities. The study was conducted for three (3) months to determine the variation in avian species diversity and abundance in four different adjacent habitat structures: Farmland, Gallery Forest, Rocky Outcrops and Uncultivated Grassland, all located at Zone 8 area of Lokoja, Kogi State. The Line Transect method was used to collect data from the entire study area where 2000 m transect was marked and further divided into short sections of 100m with 50m distance apart. Each marked section was sampled ten (10) times from 6:30 am to 10:00 am. Birds’ species encountered were  identified using the field guide and songs. Species diversity was determined using the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H). The study recorded a total number of 4,490 individuals of 110 species belonging to 32 families. Farmland had the highest number of individuals with a total of 1,228 individuals belonging to 92 species, followed by the Gallery Forest with a total of 652 belonging to 95 species, followed by uncultivated grassland with a total of 339 individuals belonging to 65 species and the Rocky outcrop with a total of 122 individuals belonging to 55 species. Bird species abundance between the habitat types differ significantly (p<0.05). The Gallery Forest was the most diverse in bird species with a mean diversity index (H=3.55), though diversity between the habitat was not statistically different (p>0.05). The findings from this study indicate that Zone 8 is rich in avian species diversity. Therefore, there is need to conserve this area from activities that might contribute to habitat loss, which can lead to extinction of some bird species and possibly plants community in the nearest future.

Comparison of avian species diversity and abundance in relation to habitat structure: toward using birds as indicators of ecosystem health at zone 8, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria

In Nigeria, human communities are found within or beside forest ecosystems, depending onthese ecosystems for survival. Their forest exploitation is considered a threat to conservation efforts,leading to constant conflicts between Government, law enforcement agencies and the communities. Thebest solution is a win-win system of participatory community-based forest resources management, inwhich the communities are regarded as stakeholders rather than as threats. This paper explains theadoption of this approach in Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Mambilla Plateau, where the communities weretrained in establishment and management of forest plantations with readily available market for theirtimber; employment for some of the community youths as well as community development projects.This paper calls for the adoption of this system in other protected areas in Nigeria, while theGovernment should provide basic amenities for the communities as alternatives to those forest products. Keywords: Community-based forest management, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Protected areas, Nigeria.

/pdf/community-based-forest-resources-management-in-nigeria-case-47axdlywuh.pdf

Community-based Forest Resources Management in Nigeria: Case study of Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Mambilla Plateau, Taraba State, Nigeria

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Spatial distribution of turaco-preferred food plants in Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Mambilla Plateau, Taraba State, Nigeria

Comparison of avian species diversity and abundance in relation to habitat structure: toward using birds as indicators of ecosystem health at zone 8, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria

Community-based Forest Resources Management in Nigeria: Case study of Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Mambilla Plateau, Taraba State, Nigeria