High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake

1Some effects of fisheries on the associated biological systems are reviewed and management options and their inherent risks are considered.
2In addition to the effects on target species, other sensitive groups impacted by fishing are considered including marine mammals, turtles, sea birds, elasmobranchs and some invertebrates with low reproductive rates.
3Other impacts discussed include the destruction of benthic habitat, the provision of unnatural sources of food and the generation of debris.
4Management options are considered including the designation of marine protected areas, risk aversion, and the burden of proof.
5A balanced consideration of the risks and consequences of ‚Type 1’ and ‚Type II’ errors is advocated.

/pdf/environmental-effects-of-marine-fishing-3yhb2ej3sz.pdf

Environmental effects of marine fishing

The concept of a highly productive habitat, or Green Belt, along the edge of the continental shelf in the Bering Sea is based upon compelling but fragmentary and often anecdotal observations of a variety of physical and biological features acquired from many sources over many years. Enhanced production at continental margins is not a novel concept, but in the case of the Bering Sea its importance has been overlooked during studies of the unusually broad continental shelf. The limited data reported from the vicinity of the shelf edge in the Bering Sea indicate that annual primary production can be as high as 175 to 275 g C m˜ year-, or approximately 60% greater than production in the adjacent outer shelf domain and 270% greater than in the oceanic domain. Estimates of annual secondary production at the eastern shelf edge also average approximately 60% higher than estimates for the outer domain and 260% higher than those for the oceanic domain. Physical processes at the shelf edge, such as intensive tidal mixing and transverse circulation and eddies in the Bering Slope Current, bring nutrients into the euphoric zone and contribute to enhanced primary and secondary production and elevated biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Fishes and squids concentrate in this narrow corridor because of favourable feeding conditions and because of a thermal refuge from cold shelf-bottom temperatures that can be found at the shelf edge from fall to spring. The abundance of zooplankton, fishes and squids, in turn, attracts large numbers of marine birds and mammals. In aggregate, the observations suggest that sustained primary productivity, intense food web exchange and high transfer efficiency at the shelf edge are important to biomass yield at numerous trophic levels and to ecosystem production of the Bering Sea.

The Bering Sea Green Belt: shelf-edge processes and ecosystem production

Marine Strategy Framework Directive Task Group 10 Report: Marine litter

https://www.iotc.org/sites/default/files/documents/2014/01/IOTC-2013-WPEB09-27_-_Seabirds_and_gillnets.pdf

The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: A global review

The Status, Ecology, and Conservation of Marine Birds of the North Pacific

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The Status, Ecology, and Conservation of Marine Birds of the North Pacific