Mangrove forests occurring at the interface of terrestrial and marine ecosystems represent a rich biological diversity of plants, animals and microorganisms. Microbes, being an important component of the mangrove environment, not only play a very critical role in creating and maintaining this biosphere but also serve as a source of biotechnologically valuable and important products. By participating in various steps of decomposition and mineralization of leaf litter, microbes make an essential contribution to the productivity of the mangrove ecosystem. They able to recycle nutrients, produce and consume gases that affect global climate, destroy pollutants, treat anthropogenic wastes and can also be used for biological control of plant and animal pests. Microorganisms from mangrove environments are a major source of antimicrobial agents and also produce a wide range of important medicinal compounds, including enzymes, antitumor agents, insecticides, vitamins, immunosuppressants, and immune modulators. However, the phylogenetic and functional description of microbial diversity in mangrove ecosystems has not been addressed to the same extent as for other environments. Even though the mangrove ecosystem is very rich in microbial diversity, less than 5% of species have been described; in many cases neither their ecological role nor their application potential is known. Recently developed technologies in molecular biology and genetics offer great promise to explore the potential of microbial diversity. Hence, the present paper makes an attempt to review the microbial diversity in mangrove ecosystems and explore their potential applications in various fields such as agriculture, pharmaceutical, industrial, environmental and medical sciences.

Biodiversity and biotechnological potential of microorganisms from mangrove ecosystems: a review

Phosphorus (P) is one of the major essential macronutrients for biological growth and development of plants. Phosphorous in soil is mainly found as mineral phosphorous or organic phosphorous which is however insoluble and unavailable to the plants. Microorganisms, both bacteria and fungi play a central role in the natural phosphorus cycle and convert insoluble forms of phosphorus to an accessible form which is an important trait for the growth and survival of plants. Among the phosphate solubilizing microbes, strains from the bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Rhizobium and fungi such as Pencillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Helminthosparium, Alternaria, etc. are the most powerful phosphate solubilizers. Phosphorous solubilization by microorganisms is a complex phenomenon, which depends on many factors such as nutritional, physiological and growth condition of the culture. The principal mechanism for mineral phosphate solubilization is the production of organic acids where the enzyme phosphatases play a major role in the mineralization of organic phosphorous in soil. In recent years several phosphatases encoding genes have been cloned and characterized and a few genes involved in mineral phosphate solubilization have been isolated. Therefore, genetic manipulation for improvement of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria to improve plant growth may include cloning genes involved in both mineral and organic phosphate solubilization, followed by their expression in selected rhizobacterial strains is an interesting approach. Besides phosphate solubilizing activity of microorganisms, the present paper also reports biotechnological potentials of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms from mangrove environment which is a unique saline costal ecosystem of tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Diversity, mechanism and biotechnology of phosphate solubilising microorganism in mangrove—A review

The isolation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) associated with the rhizosphere of Curcuma longa L. and evaluation of plant growth promotion potential, salinity tolerance, antibiotic sensitivity, antimicrobial properties and their correlation with the potential effect on the growth and biochemical ingredients was investigated. Nine strains ( Bacillus subtilis CL1, Bacillus sp. CL3, Burkholderia thailandensis CL4, Agrobacterium tumefaciens CL5, Klebsiella sp. CL6, Bacillus cereus CL7, Pseudomonas putida CL9, Pseudomonas fluorescens CLI2 and Azotobacter chroococcum CL13 have been identified. All such strains solubilized tri-calcium phosphate and produced Indole acetic acid, ammonia but only 66% of the strains produced siderophores. Strains CL1, CL9 and CL12 tolerated maximum NaCl (6%) relative to strain CL5 (1%). The strains were sensitive to the antibiotic chloromphenicol followed by erythromycin and most of these effectively inhibited growth of Escherichia coli , Aspergillus niger and Alterneria alternata . Based on salinity tolerance, antimicrobial activity and antibiotic resistance Pseudomonas fluorescens strains were used as inoculants to demonstrate their effects on plant growth. PGPR significantly enhanced leaves number, stem height, stem and rhizome fresh biomass as well as the pharmaceutically important curcumin content. Curcumin is the most important constituent of curcuminoids recognized for their biological activity, food safety and the broad range of pharmaceuticals.

Isolation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their impact on growth and curcumin content in Curcuma longa L.

Marine endophytic actinomycetes assisted synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs): Characterization and antibacterial efficacy against human pathogens

Endophytic bacteria were isolated from leaves of four dominant halophyte and salt tolerant plant species of coastal Gujarat. The bacterial counts on nutrient agar were found to be maximum in Spharanthus indicus (40%) and were minimum in Salicornia brachiata (10%). Twenty (20) bacterial isolates were selected and were characterized through morphological characters and biochemical tests. Three were pigmented and 17 were non-pigmented and 50% isolates exhibited amylase activity and only 15% isolates showed urease activity. Six (30%) and two (10%) isolates showed positive results for ammonia production and phosphate solubilization activity. Salt tolerance of the endophytes was also tested. Of the 20 endophytic bacteria, seventeen (85%) isolates showed growth at 7.5% NaCl and fifteen (75%) tolerated upto 10% NaCl concentration. Overall, the growth rate of endophytes decreased with increasing concentration of NaCl in media. The endophytic bacteria were identified through 16S rRNA sequencing and mostly the isolated endophytic bacteria belong to genera Bacillus spp.

	 

	Key words: Endophyte, halophyte, halophilic bacteria, coastal region, salt tolerance.

/pdf/isolation-and-characterization-of-endophytic-bacteria-18as3jz4ef.pdf

Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria colonizing halophyte and other salt tolerant plant species from coastal Gujarat

In the present study, bioprospecting aspects of endophytic bacteria, isolated from leaves of 5 mangroves and 2 salt-marsh plant species, were explored. In total, 104 bacterial isolates were isolated from the leaf samples of mangrove plants of Pichavaram, Tamil Nadu. Thirty six fast growing isolates were selected and screened for biological activities. Of 36 isolates, 28 (77%) showed antimicrobial activity, and 94.4% of isolates exhibited pectinase, 58.3% protease and 52.7% inulinase and invertase activities. Plant growth promoting activity, such as, ammonia and acetoin production, was shown by 22 (61.1%) and 25 (69.4%) endophyte isolates, respectively; whereas 26 isolates (72.2%) showed nitrogen fixing activity. Six isolates (16.6%) showed phosphate solubilization activity and 7 isolates (19.4%) produced indole acetic acid (IAA). Further, malachite green and phenol degrading activities were observed in 12 (33.3%) and 20 (55.5%) endophytic bacterial isolates, respectively. More than 20 endophytic bacteria were sensitive to antibiotics like streptomycin and trimethoprim, while 31 isolates (86.1%) were resistant to vancomycin and bacitracin. Thirty four (94.4%) and 31 (86.6%) endophytic isolates exhibited growth onto a medium containing upto 7.5 and 10% NaCl concentrations, respectively. The present study has proved that the mangroves are the sources of endophytic bacteria with bioprospecting potential, which deserves further studies.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/10438/1/IJBT%209%284%29%20397-402.pdf

Bioprospecting potential of fast growing endophytic bacteria from leaves of mangrove and salt-marsh plant species.

Article history: Received on: 18/08/2012 Revised on: 29/08/2012 Accepted on: 05/09/2012 Available online: 29/10/2012 This study was performed to isolate actinomycete colonies having antibacterial and antifungal activity from soil samples. A total of 27 actinomycete colonies were isolated in pure culture from five soil samples using Starch casein agar medium. Entire isolates were screened for their antimicrobial activity by agar plug method against five each of human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Of this, 7 strains inhibits B. substilis, 3 strains inhibits Klebseilla sp, 6 strains inhibits B. cerus, 5 strains inhibits S. aureus and only 2 strains inhibits E. coli. Incase of fungi all the actinobateria has moderate activity with less fungal strains, only 1 strain (RA 5) inhibits entire fungus except Penicillium sp. The metabolites from potent strain was produced by fermentation, separated by centrifugation, it was tested for their antimicrobial activity against the test bacterial and fungal strains by well diffusion and disc diffusion method. In this study, the metabolites from RA5 (identified as Streptomyces sp.) have showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity. Since many isolates showed inhibitory activity against indicator bacteria, it is suggestive that Rathnagiri hill’s soil could be an interesting source to explore for antibacterial secondary metabolites.

/pdf/antibacterial-and-antifungal-activities-of-actinobacteria-2bikg8h43e.pdf

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Actinobacteria isolated from Rathnagiri hills

Article history: Received on: 29/04/2013 Revised on: 02/06/2013 Accepted on: 17/06/2013 Available online: 27/06/2013 This study reports the antibacterial activity of coral reef associated bacteria against bacterial pathogens and optimization of metabolite production. Twelve morphologically different bacterial were isolated from stony coral reef collected from Rameshwaram coastal area, Tamil Nadu. Cell free supernatant of all the bacterial isolates were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae by agar well diffusion method. Of the 12 isolates tested, seven isolates showed antibacterial activity again at least one of the test organisms with the zone of inhibition in the range of 9-14 mm. The antibacterial compounds were extracted from the cell free supernatant using ethyl acetate and tested for antibacterial activity. In diffusion method, crude extract from strain RC12 showed 11-17 mm inhibition against all the test pathogens and the same was selected for optimization studies. Effect of culture conditions and medium components such as different carbon, nitrogen, mineral, pH, temperature on antibacterial metabolite production was studied by adopting one-factor-at-atime method. The metabolite production was influenced by lactose, ammonium sulphate, K2HPO4 while the optimal cultivation conditions were pH 7 and 37°C. The potent strain RC12 was identified as Pseudomonas sp based on their phenotypic and biochemical characteristics. The finding of the present study concludes that coral reef bacteria found to be the best source for bioactive metabolites with broad spectrum activity.

/pdf/invitro-antibacterial-activity-of-coral-reef-associated-3sbqzkxf9x.pdf

Invitro Antibacterial Activity of Coral Reef Associated Bacteria and Optimization of Bioactive Metabolite Production

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Bioprospecting potential of fast growing endophytic bacteria from leaves of mangrove and salt-marsh plant species.

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Actinobacteria isolated from Rathnagiri hills

Invitro Antibacterial Activity of Coral Reef Associated Bacteria and Optimization of Bioactive Metabolite Production