The energy delivery of a solar-energy system is generally associated with the sun's available irradiance and spectral content, as well as a variety of environmental and climatic factors and inherent system and component performances. However, other external factors relating to geographical location and conditions can have even greater impacts on system performance. Among these, soiling is a commonly overlooked or underestimated issue that can be a showstopper for the viability of a solar installation. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of soiling problems, primarily those associated with “dust” (sand) and combined dust–moisture conditions that are inherent to many of the most solar-rich geographic locations worldwide. We review and evaluate key contributions to the understanding, performance effects, and mitigation of these problems. These contributions span a technical history of almost seven decades. We also present an inclusive literature survey/assessment. The focus is on both transmissive surfaces (e.g., those used for flat-plate photovoltaics or for concentrating lenses) and reflective surfaces (e.g., mirrors or heliostats for concentrating power systems).

A comprehensive review of the impact of dust on the use of solar energy: History, investigations, results, literature, and mitigation approaches

The purpose of this review survey is to provide a literature compilation, updating materials reported in several review papers on solar-device soiling and mitigation approaches published over the past 5 years. The focus is on the period 2013–2015, but an updated listing is also provided for the year 2012 for completeness. This literature review also provides the first update for a periodic, single collation report on such publications proposed in this journal two years ago. This review presents a listing of the publications, their publication source, and some brief tabulated information to help guide the reader into the focus of each of the works.

/pdf/dust-and-soiling-issues-and-impacts-relating-to-solar-energy-2ra6vhbbew.pdf

Dust and soiling issues and impacts relating to solar energy systems: Literature review update for 2012-2015

This report summarizes the current status of the CPV industry and is updated from previous versions to include information from the last year. New information presented at the CPV-8 conference is included along with the addition of new companies that have announced their interest in CPV, and estimates of production volumes for 2011 and 2012.

/pdf/opportunities-and-challenges-for-development-of-a-mature-1xlar2lhmx.pdf

Opportunities and Challenges for Development of a Mature Concentrating Photovoltaic Power Industry (Revision)

Concentrated photovoltaics as light harvesters: Outlook, recent progress, and challenges

Thetemperature dependenceof theI–Vparameters of different III–V multi-junction concentrator cells at several concentrationlevelswasinvestigated.Moreover,theinﬂuenceofspectralchangesonthetemperaturecoefﬁcientsofmulti-junctionsolarcellswas examined. Complete sets of temperature coefﬁcients of a metamorphic Ga 0.35 In 0.65 P/Ga 0.83 In 0.17 As dual-junction cell, ametamorphic Ga 0.35 In 0.65 P/Ga 0.83 In 0.17 As/Ge triple-junction cell and a lattice-matched Ga 0.50 In 0.50 P/Ga 0.99 In 0.01 As/Ge triple-junction celldetermined under well-controlled laboratory conditions arereported.Copyright© 2012JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDSmult-junction cells; concentrators; temperature dependence*CorrespondenceGerald Siefer, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.E-mail: gerald.siefer@ise.fraunhofer.deReceived 25 February 2012; Revised 18 July 2012; Accepted 3 August 2012 1. INTRODUCTION Megawatt-level concentrator systems applying III–Vmulti-junction cells have recently been installed [1]. Thisaccomplishment clearly demonstrates the growing interestin concentrator technology. Predicting the energies ofconcentrating photovoltaic systems using triple-junctionsolar cells remains a challenge [2–6]. The outputs of suchsystems are strongly inﬂuenced by the environment, suchas circumsolar radiation, the seasonal and daily changes inthe solar spectrum, effects resulting from the concentratingoptics,includingchromaticaberrationsforlensesorreﬂectiv-ity for mirrors, wind speed and operating cell temperature.The operating cell temperature itself is inﬂuenced by theenvironment (ambient temperature, irradiance and windspeed) and the mounting process technology (thermal resis-tance). Thus, knowledge of the temperature dependence ofthe I–V parameters of solar cells is essential for predictingthe performance of photovoltaic systems. In particular, thetemperature coefﬁcient of a concentrator solar cell dependson the applied concentration level [7]. The temperaturecoefﬁcient decreases with increasing illumination intensity,andtheverylowvalueof 0.1%/Khasbeenalreadyreportedfor the open circuit voltage temperature coefﬁcient of a GaAssolar cell at 1000 concentration [8]. Detailed analyses ofIII–V multi-junction concentrator solar cells remain scarce[9–19].Moreover,theperformanceofaIII–Vmulti-junctionsolar cell is sensitive to spectral changes [20–23], and thetemperature coefﬁcients of multi-junction solar cells mayalsobedependentonspectralchanges.However,thissubjecthas to be investigated. In this paper, we applied the spectro-metric characterisation technique to analyse the spectraldependence of the temperature coefﬁcients. We also reportthetemperaturecoefﬁcients ofthe voltage andthe maximumpower of a lattice-matched Ga

Analysis of temperature coefficients for III–V multi‐junction concentrator cells

Tracker performance is a significant factor in the energy production of PV systems, especially concentrating photo-voltaic (CPV) systems. The nonlinear relationship between CPV optic pointing accuracy and energy production means that simple metrics such as mean pointing accuracy are not sufficient for predicting performance of these systems.

/pdf/tracker-accuracy-field-experience-analysis-and-correlation-30i2lptqhp.pdf

Tracker accuracy: field experience, analysis, and correlation with meteorological conditions

ISFOC has completed the first phase of its CPV plants installations with different technologies. Therefore, ISFOC is in a privileged position for contributing to define the new standards for the power and energy rating for CPV systems. During the first four months of the year 2009, ISFOC has measured the CPV plants using the proposed procedures of the Working Group 7 of IEC TC82 Committee. The results are presented in this paper.

Comparison of the different CPV rating procedures: Real measurements in ISFOC

In order to improve the performance of the CPV Plants in a cost effective way it is important to define the best cleaning policies, analyzing the effect of soiling in the surface of CPV modules. The energy generation of a CPV technology based in Fresnel Lens improves up to 7% when the surface of the module is cleaned. Some experimental measurements have been carried out over CPV modules and a model has been defined to analyze what is the best cleaning policy for that Technology in Puertollano. The power losses because of soiling and the critical time until the power losses stabilizes are obtained from the measurements; they are used as an input for the simulation. Using an established cleaning cost and the feeding tariff from Spain in 2007 it has been obtained that cleaning only reports a profit during the summer. The conclusion of the work is that the cleaning tasks have to be carefully planned together with the meteorological forecast in order to maximize the investment made in the cleaning.

CPV performance versus soiling effects: Cleaning policies

ISFOC has completed the installation and acceptance of the first MW, so it is the moment for beginning with the operation and maintenance of the plants. In this paper, ISFOC will give the results of the demonstration plants. First of all we make the comparison between the production of CPV and PV systems in Puertollano. A performance study of the production is also presented to show if there is degradation after two years of operation. At the same time we have carried out the analysis of Operation and Maintenance issues, showing the possible solutions for some of the problems. Finally, a detailed study of the module condensation in the demonstration plant is also presented.

Two years operating CPV plants: Analysis and results at ISFOC

CPV Power Plants

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