Phytophthora infestans remains a problem to production agriculture. Historically there have been many controversies concerning its biology and pathogenicity, some of which remain today. Advances in molecular biology and genomics promise to reveal fascinating insight into its pathogenicity and biology. However, the plasticity of its genome as revealed in population diversity and in the abundance of putative effectors means that this oomycete remains a formidable foe.

/pdf/phytophthora-infestans-the-plant-and-r-gene-destroyer-530kqyo2f0.pdf

Phytophthora infestans: the plant (and R gene) destroyer

Late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is the most devastating potato disease in the world. Control of late blight in the United States and other developed countries relies extensively on fungicide application. We previously demonstrated that the wild diploid potato species Solanum bulbocastanum is highly resistant to all known races of P. infestans. Potato germplasm derived from S. bulbocastanum has shown durable and effective resistance in the field. Here we report the cloning of the major resistance gene RB in S. bulbocastanum by using a map-based approach in combination with a long-range (LR)-PCR strategy. A cluster of four resistance genes of the CC-NBS-LRR (coiled coil-nucleotide binding site-Leu-rich repeat) class was found within the genetically mapped RB region. Transgenic plants containing a LR-PCR product of one of these four genes displayed broad spectrum late blight resistance. The cloned RB gene provides a new resource for developing late blight-resistant potato varieties. Our results also demonstrate that LR-PCR is a valuable approach to isolate genes that cannot be maintained in the bacterial artificial chromosome system.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/100/16/9128.full.pdf

Gene RB cloned from Solanum bulbocastanum confers broad spectrum resistance to potato late blight

Development of biological control for plant diseases is accepted as a durable and environmentally friendly alternative for agrochemicals. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which form symbiotic associations with root systems of most agricultural, horticultural and hardwood crop species, have been suggested as widespread potential bioprotective agents. In the present study the ability of two AMF (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) to induce local or systemic resistance to Phytophthora parasitica in tomato roots have been compared using a split root experimental system. Glomus mosseae was effective in reducing disease symptoms produced by P. parasitica infection, and evidence points to a combination of local and systemic mechanisms being responsible for this bioprotector effect. The biochemical analysis of different plant defencerelated enzymes showed a local induction of mycorrhiza-related new isoforms of the hydrolytic enzymes chitinase, chitosanase and b-1,3-glucanase, as well as superoxide dismutase, an enzyme which is involved in cell protection against oxidative stress. Systemic alterations of the activity of some of the constitutive isoforms were also observed in non-mycorrhizal roots of mycorrhizal plants. Studies on the lytic activity against Phytophthora cell wall of root protein extracts also corroborated a systemic effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis on tomato resistance to Phytophthora.

Localized versus systemic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on defence responses to Phytophthora infection in tomato plants

Plant diseases are responsible for substantial crop losses each year and pose a threat to global food security and agricultural sustainability. Improving crop resistance to pathogens through breeding is an environmentally sound method for managing disease and minimizing these losses. However, it is challenging to breed varieties with resistance that is effective, stable and broad-spectrum. Recent advances in genetic and genomic technologies have contributed to a better understanding of the complexity of host-pathogen interactions and have identified some of the genes and mechanisms that underlie resistance. This new knowledge is benefiting crop improvement through better-informed breeding strategies that utilize diverse forms of resistance at different scales, from the genome of a single plant to the plant varieties deployed across a region.

Navigating complexity to breed disease-resistant crops.

Oomycetes and fungi: similar weaponry to attack plants

Resting spore germination and the root hair stages of the life history of Plasmodiophora brassicae were studied in stained preparations of infected Brassica rapa seedling roots. Naked protoplasts, usually possessing two unequal flagella, were released from resting spores through a small circular pore. They penetrated the root hairs of B. rapa and there developed into plasmodia which, after becoming multinucleate, cleaved to form zoosporangia con­taining incipient zoospores. Biflagellate zoospores were released from root hair zoosporangia and fused in pairs, although karyogamy did not occur. The resulting binucleate zoospores infected the cortical dells of B. rapa to form binucleate plasmodia, the earliest stages of the secondary phase of the life history. These findings are discussed in relation to previous studies on the life history of P. brassicae in Brassica plants and in Brassica tissue cultures, and a new complete life history, including nuclear fusion in the secondary plasmodium, is suggested for the organism.

The Life History of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron

A. Hamblin, The Concept of Agricultural Sustainability. W.M. Denevan, Prehistoric Agricultural Methods as Models for Sustainability. S.R. Gliessman, Sustainable Agriculture: An Agroecological Perspective. M.E. Leggett and S.C. Gleddie, Developing Biofertilizer and Biocontrol Agents that Meet Farmers' Expectations. J.K.M. Brown, Pathogens' Responses to the Management of Disease Resistance Genes. A.P. Maloney, Three Sources for Non-chemical Management of Plant Disease: Towards an Ecological Framework. J.K. Scott, Classical Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. R. McSorley and L.W. Duncan, Economic Thresholds and Nematode Management. J.C. Sutton, Evaluation of Micro-organismsfor Biocontrol: Botrytis cinerea and Strawberry, A Case Study. M.A. Altieri, Biodiversity and Biocontrol: Lessons from Insect Pest Management. B.J. Deverall, Plant Protection Using Natural Defence Systems of Plants. C.E. Pankhurst and J.M. Lynch, The Role of Soil Microbiology in Sustainable Intensive Agriculture. J.W. Bentley, J. Castano-Zapata, and K.L. Andrews, World Integrated Pathogen and Pest Management and Sustainable Agriculture in the Developing World. P.F. Cannonand D.L. Hawksworth, The Diversity of Fungi Associated with Vascular Plants: the Known, the Unknown and the Need to Bridge the Knowledge Gap. C. Harwood, Adventures of a Rose Pathologist. Subject Index.

Advances in Plant Pathology

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1971.tb02531.x

The life‐cycle of plasmodiophora brassicae woron. in brassica tissue cultures and in intact roots

The challenge of phytophthora infestans, N.F.Robertson the cytology of development, M.D.Cofdfey and R.Gees nutrition, H.R.Bohl the biochemistry and cell biology of interaction, J.Friend genetics, D.S.Shaw population biology, W.E.Fry and L.J.Spielman breeding for resistance, R.L.Wastie control with chemicals, F.J.Schwinn and P.Margot.

Phytophthora infestans, the cause of late blight of potato

III.1 – The Study of Obligate Parasites in vitro

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