Box-Behnken design: An alternative for the optimization of analytical methods

Direct And Mediated Anodic Oxidation of Organic Pollutants

Removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in finding innovative solutions for the efficient removal of contaminants from water, soil and air. The present tutorial review summarizes the results of an extensive selection of papers dealing with electrochemical oxidation, which is proposed as an alternative for treating polluted wastes. Both the direct and indirect approaches are considered, and the role of electrode materials is discussed together with that of other experimental parameters. Apart from discussing the possibility of removing selected contaminants from water using different anodes, efficiency rates for pollutant removal have been collected, the dependence of these rates on operational conditions advantages and disadvantages determining the further full-scale commercial application.

Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants for the wastewater treatment: direct and indirect processes

Traditional physicochemical and biological techniques, as well as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are often inadequate, ineffective, or expensive for industrial water reclamation. Within this context, the electrochemical technologies have found a niche where they can become dominant in the near future, especially for the abatement of biorefractory substances. In this critical review, some of the most promising electrochemical tools for the treatment of wastewater contaminated by organic pollutants are discussed in detail with the following goals: (1) to present the fundamental aspects of the selected processes; (2) to discuss the effect of both the main operating parameters and the reactor design on their performance; (3) to critically evaluate their advantages and disadvantages; and (4) to forecast the prospect of their utilization on an applicable scale by identifying the key points to be further investigated. The review is focused on the direct electrochemical oxidation, the indirect electrochemical oxidation mediated by electrogenerated active chlorine, and the coupling between anodic and cathodic processes. The last part of the review is devoted to the critical assessment of the reactors that can be used to put these technologies into practice.

Single and Coupled Electrochemical Processes and Reactors for the Abatement of Organic Water Pollutants: A Critical Review.

Electrochemical treatment of industrial wastewater

Electrochemical oxidation of phenol using a Ti/TiO2-RuO2-IrO2 anode in the presence of chloride as the supporting electrolyte was investigated. The experiments were performed in an undivided batch reactor. Preliminary investigations showed that only a small fraction of phenol was oxidized by direct electrolysis, while complete degradation of phenol was achieved by indirect electrochemical oxidation using chloride as a supporting electrolyte. The effect of operating parameters such as initial pH, supporting electrolyte concentration, phenol concentration, and charge input was studied using Box-Behnken second order composite experimental design. The effect of current density on COD removal was studied separately. TOC removal and AOX formation were studied for selected conditions. It was found that the formation of chlorinated organic compounds was pronounced at the beginning of electrolysis, but it was reduced to lower levels by extended electrolysis.

Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol in the Presence of Chloride for Wastewater Treatment

This paper presents the results of the electrochemical degradation of cresols for wastewater treatment. The experiments were performed in an electrochemical undivided cell reactor using a Ti/TiO2−RuO2−IrO2 anode. Preliminary experiments were conducted using sodium chloride and sodium sulfate as supporting electrolytes to study the effects on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Operating variables such as the initial pH, chloride concentration, initial cresol concentration, charge input, and current densities were studied using chloride as the supporting electrolyte for maximum degradation. The current efficiency and energy consumption during the degradation were calculated. The present investigation showed the formation of a higher concentration of adsorbable organic halides at the beginning of electrolysis, but this decreased to lower levels during prolonged electrolysis. The total organic carbon removal values were between 50 and 60% though maximum COD removal values were achieved.

Electrochemical Degradation of Cresols for Wastewater Treatment

A highly sensitive and selective gas sensor is crucial for detecting hazardous gases in the environment at room temperature (RT). Titanium dioxide (TiO2) shows promise as an excellent candidate for gas sensing due to its superior sensitivity and stability, even in robust conditions. TiO2 could potentially replace volatile organic compound (VOC) gas sensors. This study employed the spray pyrolysis technique to deposit titania thin films. The precursor solution was sprayed onto substrates at temperatures ranging from 375 °C to 450 °C in 25 °C increments. A temperature-dependent study was conducted on TiO2 thin films to examine their structural, optical, and topographical properties. Films deposited at 400 °C and above exhibit a crystalline anatase phase. Higher deposition temperatures resulted in the decreased band gap of TiO2 films. TiO2 films showed excellent response to formaldehyde concentrations (1–25 ppm) and high selectivity over other reducing gases (methanol, ethanol, butanol, toluene, xylene), even at room temperature. Microstructural, optical, and morphological analyses provided valuable insights into the gas sensing mechanism, enhancing understanding of film functionality. 

Micro spherical anatase phase TiO2 thin films for room temperature operated formaldehyde gas sensor applications

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Electrochemical treatment of industrial wastewater

Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol in the Presence of Chloride for Wastewater Treatment

Electrochemical Degradation of Cresols for Wastewater Treatment

Micro spherical anatase phase TiO2 thin films for room temperature operated formaldehyde gas sensor applications