Research on gaze and eye contact was organized within the framework of Patterson's (1982) sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange. Studies were reviewed showing how gaze functions to (a) provide information, (b) regulate interaction, (c) express intimacy, (d) exercise social control, and (

Gaze and eye contact: A research review.

Empirical studies on nonverbal communication in clinician—patient interaction are reviewed for both the psychotherapeutic and medical settings. Nonverbal behavior is considered both as the consequence of antecedent variables, such as individual or relationship characteristics, and as a predictor of clinical effectiveness and patient outcomes. The concept of rapport is considered in relation to nonverbal behavior, both theoretically and empirically. Also, the relevance of a patient's nonverbal behavior to the diagnostic goals of the clinical visit is demonstrated by research on nonverbal cues to psychopathology, Type A/B personality, and pain. Although the topic of nonverbal behavior and clinician—patient interaction has had a promising start, much research is still needed, especially that which experimentally manipulates either antecedent variables or nonverbal behavior itself to demonstrate cause and effect relations.

Nonverbal behavior in clinician—patient interaction

8 – Social Skills and the Analysis of, Situations and Conversations

Many of the essential clues to the psychiatric condition of an individual lie within the nonverbal and communicative behavior patterns they express during social interactions. Unfortunately, these behaviors are particularly difficult to assess subjectively in a time-constrained environment, to which clinicians are often limited in realistic settings. The present analysis examines quantified patterns of gaze aversion across a set of persons recently admitted to an inpatient psychotic disorder unit at a major psychiatric hospital. These patterns are used to inform the development of discriminative models with the task of predicting schizophrenic symptom severity from both a typological and a dimensional assessment perspective. The results expose a novel set of gaze aversion behaviors distinguishing between positive subtype schizophrenia, characterized by excessive behaviors such as hallucinations and grandiosity, and negative subtype schizophrenia, characterized by diminished behaviors such as blunted affect and emotional withdrawal. The predictive models constitute a significant step toward the development of automated tools to aid medical professionals in the diagnosis of psychotic disorders.

Visual attention in schizophrenia: Eye contact and gaze aversion during clinical interactions

Twenty-seven video-recorded interviews, with nine patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, were analyzed using qualitative methodology. Sequences of well- and of poorly functioning communication were ...

Communicating with patients with schizophrenia: characteristics of well functioning and poorly functioning communication

Several reports have suggested that schizophrenic patients engage in very little Looking and eye-contact*. However, previous work, much of it methodologically unsatisfactory, has been based almost always on the clinical psychiatric interview, with the result that several important questions remain unanswered. In particular, we do not know how schizophrenic patients behave in free conversation, how their behaviour with another patient may differ from their behaviour with a psychiatrically normal partner, nor even whether they show individual consistency across encounters. The first study was designed to examine these questions, by observing recently admitted schizophrenic patients in two free dyadic conversations, one with a schizophrenic partner and one with a psychiatrically normal partner, and comparing them with three control groups: depressive patients; patients suffering from neurotic or personality disorders; and psychiatrically normal chest patients. The second study went on to test whether the early descriptions of gross abnormality may be more appropriate to chronic long-stay patients than to recently admitted patients, and the design consisted of a comparison between the two groups.



The first study revealed a quite unexpected pattern of results. Consistently across their two encounters, schizophrenic subjects behaved similarly for the most part to all three control groups, normal and abnormal alike. Moreover, the few differences which did emerge conflicted sharply with previous findings, including the writer's, and were no more marked in patient-patient than patient-normal encounters. The second study revealed no differences between chronic long-stay and recently admitted schizophrenic patients. It is suggested that the differences in findings between the present two studies and previous reports are most likely to be attributable to differences in verbal content: schizophrenic patients show abnormalities of visual interaction when talking about personal matters, but behave quite normally when the topic is not of immediate personal relevance.

Visual Interaction in Recently Admitted and Chronic Long‐stay Schizophrenic Patients

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Visual Interaction in Recently Admitted and Chronic Long‐stay Schizophrenic Patients