Summary To identify possible vectors of Schmallenberg virus (SBV), we tested pools containing heads of biting midges (Culicoides) that were caught during the summer and early autumn of 2011 at several places in Belgium by real-time RT-PCR. Pools of heads originating from following species: C. obsoletus complex, C. dewulfi and C. chiopterus were found positive, strongly indicating that these species are relevant vectors for SBV.

/pdf/detection-of-schmallenberg-virus-in-different-culicoides-spp-1e3vpkh4r9.pdf

Detection of Schmallenberg virus in different Culicoides spp. by real-time RT-PCR.

Bluetongue: history, global epidemiology, and pathogenesis.

To determine which species of Culicoides biting midges carry Schmallenberg virus (SBV), we assayed midges collected in the Netherlands during autumn 2011. SBV RNA was found in C. scoticus, C. obsoletus sensu stricto, and C. chiopterus. The high proportion of infected midges might explain the rapid spread of SBV throughout Europe.

/pdf/schmallenberg-virus-in-culicoides-spp-biting-midges-the-34pu3v6es4.pdf

Schmallenberg Virus in Culicoides spp. Biting Midges, the Netherlands, 2011

Mapping the basic reproduction number (R0) for vector-borne diseases: A case study on bluetongue virus

This paper describes a rapid, standardised method for testing the susceptibility to bluetongue virus (btv) of northern Palaearctic Culicoides species midges that can be used to assess the competence of both field-caught and laboratory-infected midges. The method has been used to show that Culicoides scoticus can replicate btv serotype 8 and btv serotype 9 strains to more than 3 log 10 tcid50/midge, the first evidence of the potential of this species to transmit btv.

Experimental infection studies of uk Culicoides species midges with bluetongue virus serotypes 8 and 9

SIR, — In August 2006 bluetongue appeared for the first time in northern Europe and by December had affected over 2000 sheep and cattle holdings in the five eu member states of Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Germany and the Netherlands. Following a mild winter, bluetongue recrudesced explosively in

Culicoides chiopterus as a potential vector of bluetongue virus in Europe.

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Culicoides chiopterus as a potential vector of bluetongue virus in Europe.