Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a group of ductile irons offering the design engineers remarkable mechanical properties. It exhibits an excellent combination of high strength, ductility, toughness, fatigue strength, and exceptional wear resistance that is unavailable in other grades of cast iron. Austempered ductile iron is almost twice as strong as the regular ASTM grades of ductile iron, whilst still retaining high elongation and toughness characteristics. In addition to the exceptional wear resistance and fatigue strength, it enables designers to reduce a component's weight and costs for equivalent or improved performance. Therefore, ADI has become an attractive and economic substitute for forged steel and cast steel in many engineering applications. This led to marked interest in ADI in the past few years with considerable research work to understand the effect of processing parameters on its characteristics and mechanical properties. The objective of this paper was to review works that have been conducted over the past years on the effects of process variables, mechanical properties, benefits, and applications of ADI.

Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI): A Review

Austenitic stainless steel and low alloy steels are extensively used in various automotive, aerospace, nuclear, chemical, and other general purpose applications. Joining of dissimilar metals is one of the challenging tasks and most essential need of the present-day industry. It has been observed that a wide range of dissimilar materials can be easily integrated by friction welding. The objectives of the present investigation were obtaining weldments between austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) with low alloy steel (AISI 1021) and optimizing the friction welding parameters in order to establish the weld quality. In the present study, an experimental setup was designed in order to achieve friction welding of plastically deformed austenitic stainless steel and low alloy steel. AISI 304 and AISI 1021 steels were welded by friction welding using five different axial pressures at 1,430 rpm. The joining performances of friction-welded dissimilar joints were studied, and influences of these process parameters on the mechanical properties of the friction-welded joints were estimated. The joint strength was determined with tensile testing, and the fracture behavior was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and was supported and backed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Furthermore, the proposed joints were tested for impact strength, and the microhardness across the joint was also evaluated.

Investigation of mechanical properties of friction-welded AISI 304 with AISI 1021 dissimilar steels

Abstract The present study emphasizes on joints two industrially important materials AISI 304 with AISI 1021steels, produced by friction welding have been investigated. Samples were welded under different axial pressures ranging from 75MPa to 135MPa, at constant speed of 920rpm. The tensile strength, torsional strength, impact strength and micro hardness values of the weldments were determined and evaluated. Simultaneously the fractrography of the tensile tested specimens were carried out, so as to understand the failure analysis. It was observed that improved mechanical properties were noticed at higher axial pressures. Ductile failures of weldments were also observed at 120MPa and 135MPa axial pressures during fractography analysis.

/pdf/experimental-evaluation-of-mechanical-properties-of-friction-57955difdz.pdf

Experimental Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Friction Welded Dissimilar Steels under Varying Axial Pressures

In the present study, an experimental setup was designed and fabricated in order to accomplish friction welded joints between austenitic stainless steel and low-alloy steel. Thereafter, the effect of axial pressures on the mechanical properties of friction welded AISI 304 with AISI 1021 steels, produced by mechanical joining, have been investigated. Samples were welded under different axial pressures ranging from 75 to 135 MPa, at constant speed of 1250 rpm. The tensile strength, impact strength, and micro-hardness values of the weldments were determined and evaluated. Simultaneously, the fractrography of the tensile-tested specimens were carried out, so as to understand the failure analysis.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23311916.2014.936996

Experimental evaluation of mechanical properties of friction welded AISI steels

The paper presents the results of wear tests obtained for 4 groups of materials: surface-hardened alloy steels and alloy cast steels for structural applications, hard-wearing surface-hardened alloy cast steels, and austempered alloy cast irons. The wear tests have been performed on a specially designed test rig that allows reproducing the real operating conditions of chain wheels, including the rolling and sliding form of contact between elements. The chain wheels subjected to tests were operated with the use of loose quartz abrasive. This study presents results of measurements of material parameters, micro-structure of a surface subject to wear, as well as the linear wear determined for the materials considered. Based on the results, the following was found: the best wear properties were obtained for surface-hardened alloy steels and wear surface; strengthening of the ADI surface took place – most probably as a result of transformation of austenite into martensite; the uniformity of the structure of the materials affects the surface wear process. The study also indicated a significant degree of graphite deformation in ADI characterized by the upper ausferritic structure and its oblique orientation in relation to the surface, which resulted in a facilitated degradation of the surface caused by the quartz abrasive.

/pdf/comparative-studies-on-the-wear-of-adi-alloy-cast-irons-as-2h2cnimole.pdf

Comparative Studies on the Wear of ADI Alloy Cast Irons as Well as Selected Steels and Surface-Hardened Alloy Cast Steels in the Presence of Abrasive

Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) can be as twice as strong as standard spheroidal iron at the same level of toughness. It responds to work-hardening surface treatments and exhibits excellent fatigue and wear property. There is extensive work done on the fracture of steel with ferrite or/and austenite structure, but little on fracture behaviour of ADI whose microstructure also comprises austenite and ferrite but with graphite nodules in the matrix. The present work is aimed in this direction. The fracture behavior of Ni-Mo ADI is studied. It is found that the crack always originates from graphite nodules and the matrix affects the propagation path.

/pdf/to-study-the-effect-of-austempering-temperature-on-fracture-2x0p631wln.pdf

To Study the Effect of Austempering Temperature on Fracture Behaviour of Ni-Mo Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)

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To Study the Effect of Austempering Temperature on Fracture Behaviour of Ni-Mo Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)