Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin produced by fungi of improperly stored food products. OTA is nephrotoxic and is suspected of being the main etiological agent responsible for human Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and associated urinary tract tumours. Striking similarities between OTA-induced porcine nephropathy in pigs and BEN in humans are observed. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified OTA as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B). Currently, the mode of carcinogenic action by OTA is unknown. OTA is genotoxic following oxidative metabolism. This activity is thought to play a central role in OTA-mediated carcinogenesis and may be divided into direct (covalent DNA adduction) and indirect (oxidative DNA damage) mechanisms of action. Evidence for a direct mode of genotoxicity has been derived from the sensitive 32P-postlabelling assay. OTA facilitates guanine-specific DNA adducts in vitro and in rat and pig kidney orally dosed, one adduct comigrates with a synthetic carbon (C)-bonded C8-dG OTA adduct standard. In this paper, our current understanding of OTA toxicity and carcinogenicity are reviewed. The available evidence suggests that OTA is a genotoxic carcinogen by induction of oxidative DNA lesions coupled with direct DNA adducts via quinone formation. This mechanism of action should be used to establish acceptable intake levels of OTA from human food sources.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/mnfr.200790020

Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans

Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources

Relationships between chemical composition, dry matter degradation and in vitro gas production of several ruminant feeds

The soil science community is facing a growing demand of regional, continental, and worldwide databases in order to monitor the status of the soil. However, the availability of such data is very scarce. Cost-effective tools to measure soil properties for large areas (e.g., Europe) are required. Soil spectroscopy has shown to be a fast, cost-effective, environmental-friendly, nondestructive, reproducible, and repeatable analytical technique. The main aim of this paper is to describe the state of the art of soil spectroscopy as well as its potential to facilitating soil monitoring. The factors constraining the application of soil spectroscopy as an alternative to traditional laboratory analyses, together with the limits of the technique, are addressed. The paper also highlights that the widespread use of spectroscopy to monitor the status of the soil should be encouraged by (1) the creation of a standard for the collection of laboratory soil spectra, to promote the sharing of spectral libraries, and (2) the scanning of existing soil archives, reducing the need for costly sampling campaigns. Finally, routine soil analysis using soil spectroscopy would be beneficial for the end users by a reduction in analytical costs, and an increased comparability of results between laboratories. This ambitious project will materialize only through (1) the establishment of local and regional partnerships among existent institutions able to generate the necessary technical competence, and (2) the support of international organizations. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nations and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission are well placed to promote the use of laboratory and field spectrometers for monitoring the state of soils.

Soil Spectroscopy: An Alternative to Wet Chemistry for Soil Monitoring

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) has been linked to the genesis of several disease states in both animals and humans It has been described as nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunotoxic, and hepatotoxic in laboratory and domestic animals, as well as being thought to be the probable causal agent in the development of nephropathies (Balkan Endemic Nephropathy, BEN and Chronic Interstitial Nephropathy, CIN) and urothelial tumors in humans As a result, several international agencies are currently attempting to define safe legal limits for OTA concentration in foodstuffs (eg, grain, meat, wine, and coffee), in processed foods, and in animal fodder In order to achieve this goal, an accurate risk assessment of OTA toxicity including mechanistic and epidemiological studies must be carried out Ochratoxin has been suggested by various researchers to mediate its toxic effects via induction of apoptosis, disruption of mitochondrial respiration and/or the cytoskeleton, or, indeed, via the generation of DNA adducts Thus, it is still unclear if the predominant mechanism is of a genotoxic or an epigenetic nature One aspect that is clear, however, is that the toxicity of OTA is subject to and characterized by large species- and sex-specific differences, as well as an apparently strict structure-activity relationship These considerations could be crucial in the investigation of OTA-mediated toxicity Furthermore, the use of appropriate in vivo and in vitro model systems appears to be vital in the generation of relevant experimental data The intention of this review is to collate and discuss the currently available data on OTA-mediated toxicity with particular focus on their relevance for the in vivo situation, and also to suggest possible future strategies for unlocking the secrets of ochratoxin A

/pdf/ochratoxin-a-the-continuing-enigma-pwj5ig7aem.pdf

Ochratoxin A: the continuing enigma.

http://directory.umm.ac.id/Data%20Elmu/jurnal/A/Animal%20Feed%20Science%20and%20Technology/Vol81.Issue3-4.Oct1999/10360.pdf

A comparison of in vitro rumen fluid and enzymatic methods to predict digestibility and energy value of grass and alfalfa hay

Lupin (Lupinus sp. L.) is an ancient crop that is well known in many countries. It is a member of the Papilionaceae (Fabaceae) family. In total there are 300–400 different species of lupin (Popov et al, 1966), although only about 150 of them are widely propagated (Allen and Allen, 1981). Only a few are actually cultivated. Those cultivated species include the white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), the yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), the blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), the perennial lupin ( Lupinus polyphyllus L.), Lind.) and the sweet lupin (Lupinus mutabilis, Sweet).

Lupin (Lupinus spp.)

Prediction of dry matter and protein degradability of forages by near infrared spectroscopy

Peppermint (Mentha piperita Huds.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) etheric oil by-products as roughages for sheep feeding

Microbial pollution of soil around slurry storage lagoons at a pig-farm

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