Threefold maximal mixing would imply a cyclic permutation symmetry among the generations. The data from solar and atmospheric neutrino experiments are consistent with such mixing, and require a hierarchical spectrum of mass-squared differences for the neutrinos. A fit for the two independent mass-squared differences (excluding only the HOMESTAKE solar neutrino result) yields: Δm2 = (0.72±0.18) × 10−2 eV2 and Δm′2 < 0.9 × 10−11 eV2 at 90% confidence. In the case that the neutrino mass spectrum is qualitatively similar to that of the charged leptons and quarks, these results can be re-expressed in terms of the neutrino masses as follows: m3 ⋍ 85 ± 10 meV, and m1,m2 < 3 μeV at 90% confidence. Implications for future experiments are discussed.

Threefold maximal lepton mixing and the solar and atmospheric neutrino deficits

In light of recent Super-Kamiokande data and global fits that seem to exclude both pure \nu_\mu \to \nu_s oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos and pure \nu_e \to \nu_s oscillations of solar neutrinos (where \nu_s is a sterile neutrino), we reconsider four-neutrino models to explain the LSND, atmospheric, and solar neutrino oscillation indications. We argue that the solar data, with the exception of the ^{37}Cl results, are suggestive of \nu_e \to \nu_s oscillations that average to a probability of approximately 1/2. In this interpretation, with two pairs of nearly degenerate mass eigenstates separated by order 1 eV, the day-night asymmetry, seasonal dependence, and energy dependence for ^8B neutrinos should be small. Alternatively, we find that four-neutrino models with one mass eigenstate widely separated from the others (and with small sterile mixings to active neutrinos) may now be acceptable in light of recently updated LSND results; the ^{37}Cl data can be accommodated in this model. For each scenario, we present simple four-neutrino mixing matrices that fit the stated criterion and discuss future tests.

Fate of the Sterile Neutrino

A revolution in our understanding of the neutrino sector is under way, driven by observations that are interpreted in terms of changes in the flavors of neutrinos as they propagate. Since neutrino oscillations occur only if neutrinos are massive, these phenomena indicate physics beyond the Standard Model. With the present evidence for oscillations from atmospheric, solar and accelerator data, we are already able to begin to make strong inferences about the mass spectrum and the mixings of neutrinos. Theoretical efforts to achieve a synthesis have produced a variety of models with differing testable consequences. A combination of particle physics, nuclear physics and astrophysics is needed for a full determination of the fundamental properties of neutrinos. This chapter reviews what has been achieved thus far and the future prospects for understanding the nature of neutrino masses and mixing.

Neutrino Mixing Schemes

Right-handed (RH) rotations do not play a role in the Standard Model, and only the differences of the LH mixing angles are involved in ${\bf V}_{\scr \textrm{CKM}}$. This leads to the huge freedom in the fermionic mass matrices. However, that is no more true in extensions of the Standard Model. For example in GUTs large RH rotations of the quarks can be related to the observed large neutrino mixing or in particular, all mixing angles are relevant for the proton decay. We present a simple realistic non-SUSY SO(10) GUT with large RH and LH mixing and study the corresponding nucleon decay rates.

Large Quark Rotations, Neutrino mixing and Proton Decay

Seasonal and Energy Dependence of Solar Neutrino Vacuum Oscillations

The latest evolutions of the ICARUS project are reviewed. During the present year the collaboration has been heavily involved into the construction of the first full scale prototypes of the 600 ton ICARUS detector. Cryogenic and purification tests as well as mechanical tests on a wires chamber module, are presently under completion. No major problems were found and we foresee to be ready for the commissioning of the major detector components by the end of the present year. Also, the Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation program has been subject to a rapid acceleration. Following our formal proposal, submitted and approved at the beginning of this year by the CERN SPSLC, a working group has been formed to study the details of the beam and a sensitive program has been formulated by which first neutrinos can be sent to the Gran Sasso at the end of year 2001.

ICARUS. A status report

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ICARUS. A status report