Lignin in storage and renewable energy applications: A review

This paper reviews energy storage systems, in general, and for specific applications in low-cost micro-energy harvesting (MEH) systems, low-cost microelectronic devices, and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). With the development of electronic gadgets, low-cost microelectronic devices and WSNs, the need for an efficient, light and reliable energy storage device is increased. The current energy storage systems (ESS) have the disadvantages of self-discharging, energy density, life cycles, and cost. The ambient energy resources are the best option as an energy source, but the main challenge in harvesting energy from ambient sources is the instability of the source of energy. Due to the explosion of lithium batteries in many cases, and the pros associated with them, the design of an efficient device, which is more reliable and efficient than conventional batteries, is important. This review paper focused on the issues of the reliability and performance of electrical ESS, and, especially, discussed the technical challenges and suggested solutions for ESS (batteries, supercapacitors, and for a hybrid combination of supercapacitors and batteries) in detail. Nowadays, the main market of batteries is WSNs, but in the last decade, the world’s attention has turned toward supercapacitors as a good alternative of batteries. The main advantages of supercapacitors are their light weight, volume, greater life cycle, turbo charging/discharging, high energy density and power density, low cost, easy maintenance, and no pollution. This study reviews supercapacitors as a better alternative of batteries in low-cost electronic devices, WSNs, and MEH systems.

Review on Comparison of Different Energy Storage Technologies Used in Micro-Energy Harvesting, WSNs, Low-Cost Microelectronic Devices: Challenges and Recommendations.

Abstract The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859. It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since. In addition, this type of battery has witnessed the emergence and development of modern electricity-powered society. Nevertheless, lead acid batteries have technologically evolved since their invention. Over the past two decades, engineers and scientists have been exploring the applications of lead acid batteries in emerging devices such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy storage; these applications necessitate operation under partial state of charge. Considerable endeavors have been devoted to the development of advanced carbon-enhanced lead acid battery (i.e., lead-carbon battery) technologies. Achievements have been made in developing advanced lead-carbon negative electrodes. Additionally, there has been significant progress in developing commercially available lead-carbon battery products. Therefore, exploring a durable, long-life, corrosion-resistive lead dioxide positive electrode is of significance. In this review, the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are critically reviewed. Moreover, a synopsis of the lead-carbon battery is provided from the mechanism, additive manufacturing, electrode fabrication, and full cell evaluation to practical applications. Graphical abstract 

/pdf/lead-carbon-batteries-toward-future-energy-storage-from-1jse3yp9.pdf

Lead-Carbon Batteries toward Future Energy Storage: From Mechanism and Materials to Applications

Piezoelectric nanogenerators are dependent on a piezoelectric material for the conversion of mechanical stress into useful electrical energy. This paves the way for the development of piezoelectric material compositions starting from ceramic oxides, polymers, and organic compounds to design piezoelectric energy harvesters towards energy harvesting and self-powered sensor development. In the present work, we introduce a multiferroic composition, BiMgFeCeO6 (henceforth referred to as BMFCO), using a high-temperature reaction route. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized samples were systematically investigated, providing insight into their interesting structure–property correlation. The BMFCO particles were further blended with PDMS at different weight percentages (wt%) and converted into flexible composite films. Stability and capacitor charging tests confirm their stable and durable electrical output over a longer period. Biomechanical energy harvesting was performed by attaching the 10 wt% BMFCO–PDMS-based device (hereafter referred to as PENG10) to a computer mouse and for several body movements. Digital signal processing techniques such as wavelet transform and wavelet packet transform were employed to recognize the difference between a comfortable sound level and excessive volume based on the output recorded by a PENG attached to a speaker.

Piezoelectric nanogenerator based on flexible PDMS–BiMgFeCeO6 composites for sound detection and biomechanical energy harvesting

Morphotropic phase boundary (MPB)-based ceramics are excellent for energy harvesting due to their enhanced physical properties at phase boundaries, broad operating temperature range, and ability to customize properties for efficient conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. In this work, Bi1–xNaxFe1–xNbxO3 (x = 0.20, 0.30, 0.32 and 0.40, BNFNO abbreviation) based ceramics were synthesized using a solid-state route and blended with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to achieve flexible composites. Various material characterization and energy harvesting were performed by designing a hybrid piezoelectric (PENG)-triboelectric (TENG) device. The voltage and current of PENG, TENG, and hybrid bearing same device area (2 cm × 2 cm) were recorded as 11 V/0.3 μA; 60 V/0.7 μA; 110 V/2.2 μA. The strategies for enhancing the output performance of the hybrid device were evaluated, such as increased surface area (creating micro-roughness and porous morphology) and increasing electrode size and multi-layer hybrid device formation. The self-powered acceleration monitoring was coupled with the artificial neural network strategies to predict the proper functioning of a linear motor. Further, the low-frequency-based wave energy is converted into electrical energy, confirming the usage of hybrid PENG-TENG devices as a base for battery-free sensors and blue energy harvesting. 

Unleashing the potential of morphotropic phase boundary based hybrid triboelectric–piezoelectric nanogenerator

Comparison of methods for adding expander to lead-acid battery plates: advantages and disadvantages

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Comparison of methods for adding expander to lead-acid battery plates: advantages and disadvantages