Nanotechnology in general and as it relates to drug delivery in humans has been reviewed in a two-part article, the first part of which is this paper. In this paper, nanotechnology in nature, history of nanotechnology and methods of synthesis are discussed, while also outlining its applications, benefits and risks. Nanotechnology is an industrial revolution, based on integration of disciplines that could change every facet of human life. Some examples of changes brought about by reduction in particle sizes to the physical, chemical and biological properties of substances, compounds and drug products have been cited. The benefits of nanotechnology are enormous and so these benefits should be maximized while efforts are made to reduce the risks.

/pdf/nanotechnology-and-drug-delivery-part-1-background-and-4lemvvc47v.pdf

Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery Part 1: Background and Applications

• A review of different techniques for environmental control for hydroponic fodder production. • Presenting the current status and growing techniques for controlled environment fodder production (CEFP). • Discussion on thermal environment requirements for optimal and efficient fodder production. • Analyzing application of IoT-based monitoring and control system for CEFP. • Identifying challenges, opportunities, and further research need to achieve sustainability goals. Hydroponic fodder production in controlled environment (CE) settings have gained more focus in recent years due to the shortage of agricultural land for food production and the adverse effect of climate changes. However, the operation costs and dry matter issues are the major concerns for the sustainability of fodder production in the CE. This study provides a comprehensive literature review on techniques and control strategies for indoor environments and watering that are currently used and could be adopted in the future to achieve the economic and environmental sustainability of controlled environment fodder production (CEFP). The literature indicates fodder production in the modular system is becoming popular in developed countries, and low-tech systems like greenhouse are more prevalent in developing countries. The optimum temperature and RH range between 16-27°C and 70-80% to get efficient biomass yield; however, minimal research has been conducted to optimize the indoor temperature and relative humidity (RH) for efficient and higher efficiency fodder production. Besides, the water-saving techniques and optimal lighting spectrum need to be studied extensively. Automating and monitoring in CEFP system could reduce operating costs and improve quality and yield. Overall, this industry might have great potential for livestock production. Still, more strong research needs to be conducted to answer nutritional concerns and reduce the capital and operating costs for CEFP. 

Present Status and Challenges of Fodder Production in Controlled Environments: A Review

Estimation of renewable biogas energy potential from livestock manure: A case study of India

Optimizing nutrient management strategies is crucial for enhancing the growth, yield, and nutritional quality of fodder maize (Zea mays) while minimizing environmental impacts. This study investigated the effects of innovative nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) management approaches on fodder maize production. Different combinations of nitrogen fertilizers, including conventional urea and nano-urea, were applied in conjunction with targeted foliar sprays of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and nano-zinc. The experiment was carried out in a Factorial Randomized Block design with four nitrogen management strategies (control N, 100% recommended nitrogen dose RDN through urea, 50% RDN through urea + two sprays of nano-urea at six and ten leaves stages, and 33.33% RDN through urea + two sprays of nano-urea at six and ten leaves stage) and four zinc management strategies (control Zn, soil application of ZnSO4, foliar application of ZnSO4, and foliar application of nano-Zn) which were replicated thrice. The study revealed that applying 50% of RDN through urea, along with dual foliar sprays of nano-urea, achieved comparable productivity to the 100% RDN through urea only. Among the Zn managements, both foliar and soil applications of conventional ZnSO4 recorded similar green and dry fodder yields, although foliar application of ZnSO4 was observed to be superior in terms of qualitative attributes. Maize subjected to the integrated nitrogen and zinc management strategy exhibited elevated protein content and reduced fiber fractions. These findings highlight the potential of nano-urea and foliar zinc application in enhancing both productivity and nutritional quality, while reducing dependence on conventional chemical fertilizers.

Quantitative and Qualitative Response of Fodder Maize to Use of Bulk and Nano-fertilizers in North Western Plains of India

Fodder cowpea (Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp.) is regarded as one of the most important leguminous fodders due to its high biomass yield, high protein content and rapid growing nature. A study to analyze different genetic parameters, trait association and diversity was carried out with 79 fodder cowpea genotypes. The mean performances of the genotypes showed wide variation for all the traits studied. Plant height, the number of primary branches, the number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area index and dry matter yield were found to have a substantial and positive relationship with green fodder yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the leaf area index needs to be given due weightage for improving green fodder yield in cowpea. The 79 fodder cowpea genotypes were grouped into 10 clusters of which three were solitary which confirmed the presence of wide genetic diversity among the fodder cowpea germplasm lines. The maximum intra cluster distance was exhibited by cluster ІІІ followed by clusters ІX, ІІ, І, ІV, V and VІІ, whereas the cluster II and cluster IX recorded the greatest inter-cluster distance. Based on mean performance for green fodder production, the genotypes GETC 54, GETC 46, TNFC 0926, and GETC 53 were observed to be better prospects for exploitation in future breeding programs. Keywords: Fodder cowpea, genetic parameters, trait association, path analysis, genetic diversity 

Analysis of genetic parameters, trait association and genetic diversity in fodder cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

This review paper aims at an in-depth analysis of the challenges, opportunities, and status of fodder production in India. A comprehensive review of available literature and various reports by govt. as well as non govt. organizations have been done as part of the methodology for preparing the manuscript. India caters to approximately 20% of the world's livestock population and about 17.5% of the human population on just 2.3% of the world's land area. The human population is increasing at a pace of 1.6% per annum, while the livestock population is increasing at a rate of 0.66% per year. Theses increasing human and animal populations are fighting tooth and nail for land resources for food and fodder production, respectively. As a result, cultivated fodders occupy only 4% of the entire cultivable land in the country. Presently, the country faces a net shortfall of 35.6% green fodder, 10.5% dry crop leftovers, and 44% concentrate feed ingredients. The option for increasing land area under fodder cultivation is very limited. Hence, it is big challenge in front of us to utilize the available meagre land wisely with its fullest potential to produce the fodders for the animals. Which could be achieved by adopting suitable cropping systems, incorporation of fodder crops in food and other cash crop-based cropping systems on rotational basis, production of fodder on degraded lands by adopting fodder-based agro forestry systems and exploring other options of green fodder like azolla. The cropping system with forage crops provides a potential alternative to overcome the fodder problem as it utilizes the resources more efficiently. 

A review of India’s fodder production status and opportunities

Looking into the future is though hazardous, yet given the rate of technology innovation the society is undergoing presently, it is imperative to ponder over the upcoming technologies and to evolve...

Nanotechnology - An Indian Perspective

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A review of India’s fodder production status and opportunities

Nanotechnology - An Indian Perspective