We review the fireball shock model of gamma-ray burst prompt and early afterglow emission in light of rapid follow-up measurements made and enabled by the multi-wavelength Swift satellite. These observations are leading to a reappraisal and expansion of the previous standard view of the GRB and its fireball. New information on the behavior of the burst and afterglow on minutes to hour timescales has led, among other results, to the discovery and follow-up of short GRB afterglows, the opening up of the z>6 redshift range, and the first prompt multi-wavelength observations of a long GRB-supernova. We discuss the salient observational results and some associated theoretical issues.

GRB Fireball Physics: Prompt and Early Emission

It is long speculated that long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) originate froma relativistic jet emerging from a collapsing massive star progenitor. Although associations of core-collapsing supernovae with long GRB afterglows have been identified in a number of systems, including the latest X-ray flash (XRF) 060218/SN 2006aj connection detected by Swift, direct evidence of a relativistic jet emerging from a collapsing star is still lacking. Here we report the detection of a thermal emission component (high-T component) accompanying the prompt X-ray emission of XRF 060218, with temperature kT_H=1.21+0.22/-0.24 keV and effective blackbody radius R_H~ 5\times 10^{9} cm. This high-T component co-exists with another low-T thermal component as reported by Campana et al. 2006 for at least 2700 seconds, but evolves independently with respect to the low-T component by tracing the lightcurve of the non-thermal component. We identify this high-T thermal component as the emission of a hot cocoon surrounding the relativistic jet, as expected from the theoretical models.

Thermal Emission from a Hot Cocoon Surrounding the Jet of XRF 060218

We review the fireball shock model of gamma-ray burst (GRB) prompt and early afterglow emission in the light of rapid follow-up measurements made and enabled by the multi-wavelength Swift satellite. These observations are leading to a reappraisal and expansion of the previous standard view of the GRB and its fireball. New information on the behaviour of the burst and afterglow on minutes to hour timescales has led, among other results, to the discovery and follow-up of short GRB afterglows, the opening up of the z 6 redshift range, and the first prompt multi-wavelength observations of a long GRB-supernova. We discuss the salient observational results and some associated theoretical issues.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/8/9/199/pdf

Relativistic ejecta from XRF 060218 and the complete census of cosmic explosions

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Relativistic ejecta from XRF 060218 and the complete census of cosmic explosions