NMR imaging methods are provided for determining the spatial petrophysical properties of materials. These methods employ the generation of separate Mo, T1 and T2 images from which various petrophysical characteristics may be obtained, such as free fluid index, porosity, pore sizes and distributions, capillary pressure, permeability, formation factor and clay content.

NMR imaging of materials

Liquid maldistribution in particulate paste extrusion

https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/195542/1A268378-8C9F-477A-A28D-43C71F83321F.pdf

Design of ceramic paste formulations for co-extrusion

Nmr imaging of materials

The overall objective of the present work is to elucidate the possibilities to monitor and quantify transport phenomena and to characterise the structure of heterogeneous disperse media, which are non-matched and thus inaccessible to many optical techniques by means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). NMR offers the possibility to perform measurements non-invasively and non-destructively in order to study the structure or to trace structural changes or transport processes inside the sample without preparations or unpredictable modifications caused by the measurement. Thus it is not only possible to detect and quantify the static structure, but also to monitor dynamic structural changes and processes during production, storage, transportation and even consumption of food-products with temporal, spatial and chemical resolution (multi-dimensional). NMR enables, therefore, repetitive testing of dynamic processes including enzymic and non-enzymic chemical reactions. Samples may be studied several times under identical or changed conditions, which is a great advantage compared to other imaging preparative methods like optical or electron microscopy-methods. The following topics have proved to be promising applications of NMR in food technology and process engineering: (a) structure and structural changes of disperse media, (b) convective transport processes, (c) diffusive transport processes and (d) spectroscopic material characterisation.

Applications of NMR to Food and Model Systems in Process Engineering

The velocity profiles and volume concentrations of free water and the solids matrix of flowing pastes can be mutually determined independently via flow experiments in an NMR tomograph. This supplies direct proof of the relative displacement of free water in flowing pastes. The two phases can be distinguished with the help of NMR by their different magnetic relaxation times ( T 2 ). It is possible to measure the wall-slip of the two phases and, hence, to differentiate between the shear and slip shares of the total volumetric flow. When the evaluation of the flow experiments is based on a material law, the accompanying material functions can then be derived for pastes or suspensions from the velocity and concentration distributions. For example, as in the case of the fully-developed steady-state pipe flow, without any additional assumptions or corrections as is normally necessary for capillary rheometry. Through the use of NMR, it is possible to correlate the rheological features of the material in question, its flow behaviour and its flow-induced structural changes.

NMR flow imaging of pastes in steady-state flows

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NMR flow imaging of pastes in steady-state flows