Abstract Limited data on rural Poland's atmospheric ion concentrations exists, with no publicly available monitoring data in urban areas. These knowledge gaps hinder the comparison of concentrations across environments and the identification of their sources. This study examines water-soluble ions across five rural locations in Poland over four years to investigate their concentrations and sources in the atmosphere. This study explores aerosol origins, performing a four-year correlation analysis across five locations to reveal ion relationships. Notably, sulfate (SO₄ 2 ⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), and ammonium (NH₄⁺) exhibit significant correlations ranging from 0.3 to 0.8, suggesting a common pollution source in all analyzed rural locations. Interestingly, magnesium (Mg 2 ⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) in two locations demonstrated a strong correlation, ranging between 0.4 and 0.9, suggesting the influence of sea spray on these sites. Principal component analysis is used to investigate the factors influencing ion concentrations, revealing distinctive patterns for each location and explaining the total variances ranging from 74.9% to 84.8%. This underscores the significance of geographical and environmental factors. The study's novelty lies in its thorough and long-term analysis of water-soluble ion concentrations across rural Poland, providing an extensive dataset for the region. The study fills a data gap on rural pollution sources and reveals consistent ion patterns across different sites and seasons. The findings emphasize geographical and environmental impacts on aerosol composition and suggest common pollution sources for all areas. This research encourages further investigations into the stability and origins of ions in rural environments, providing valuable insights for local and broader atmospheric studies. 

pdf/measurements-of-water-soluble-ions-in-particulate-matter-2-5-2xpmlce7zd.pdf

Measurements of Water-Soluble Ions in Particulate Matter 2.5 in Polish Rural Areas: Identifying Possible Sources

Grain and nutritional yield merits of sustainable intensification through maize-legume rotations in land constrained smallholder farms of Malawi

Atmospheric ions originate from various natural and anthropogenic sources, and their levels exhibit significant variations across diverse settings. These ion concentrations exert an influence on the overall count of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, as well as on the process of new particle formation through ion-induced nucleation, ion-ion recombination, and their impact on condensation growth. There is limited data available on atmospheric ion concentrations in rural regions of Poland, and there is a complete absence of publicly available information concerning their concentrations in urban areas. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge about how these concentrations compare across these varying environments and the primary sources driving them.This study analyzes four-year shifts in rural Poland's ion concentrations, uncovering sources and implications. Amid changing agricultural practices, environmental factors, and socio-economic developments, monitoring ion alterations is crucial for assessing impacts on ecosystems and human health. This study conducts a thorough examination of ion concentrations in the air, utilizing data measured by GIOŚ at five different rural locations in Poland. The aim is to investigate patterns and trends in ion concentrations, with a particular focus on ions such as Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻. It was observed that sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium ions had the highest share in all of the eight measured ions with concentration levels above all measured ions, sometimes reaching 3.15 mg/m³ for sulfate, 4.15 mg/m³ for nitrate and 2.92 mg/m³ for ammonium ions. With the application of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique, possible sources of analyzed ions were explored, obtaining 60.8% of total variance for Osieczów measuring location and 77.9% for Bory Tucholskie, Godów, Złoty Potok, and Puszcza Borecka analyzed together. Findings reveal a seasonal discernible temporal variation in ion concentrations, reflecting a complex interplay of natural processes and anthropogenic activities. 

Measurements of Particulate Matter 2.5 Bound Water-Soluble Ions in Polish Rural Areas, Looking the Possible Sources

Surface Application of Soil Acidity Amendments and Agricultural Gypsum Alter Soil Fertility and Sugarcane Yield

<title>Abstract</title> Sorghum stands as a fundamental food and cash crop in Tharaka-Nithi, yet its production remains suboptimal due to soil fertility limitations. Globally, sorghum yields hover around 2.5 t/ha, indicating an untapped potential given its maximum yield potential of 5 t/ha. Kenya has witnessed a decline in sorghum yields from 0.95 t/ha to 0.78 t/ha, primarily attributed to inadequate soil fertility management and agronomic practices. Most soil management interventions have traditionally focused on singular practices, leaving gaps in understanding the efficacy of integrated approaches. This study sought to evaluate the impact of integrated soil fertility management practices on sorghum and green gram yield in Tharaka-Nithi County. The study was conducted in Nairobi Ndogo and Kairini Farm, the study employed a 3 x 5 factorial experiment in a Randomized Complete Block Design, different fertilizer types and cropping systems. Results, analyzed using Statistical Analysis Software version 9.4, demonstrated significant (p &lt; 0.05) effects of integrated soil fertility management on sorghum yield. Stover yields ranged from 1.93 t/ha to 0.28 t/ha and 7.18 t/ha to 1.35 t/ha at Nairobi Ndogo and Kairini farm, respectively, with the MBILI intercropping technique and NPK fertilizer yielding highest stover. Similarly, grain yields varied from 0.68 t/ha to 0.08 t/ha and 4.01 t/ha to 0.25 t/ha at Nairobi Ndogo and Kairini farm, respectively, with conventional intercropping and NPK plus Zinc fertilizer emerging as optimal treatments. In green gram yields, monocrop green gram and NPK fertilizer demonstrating superior performance. The analysis of treatment effect showed that the means for green gram stover yield ranged from 0.47 t/ha to 0.07 t/ha and 6.70 t/ha to 1.62 t/ha for Nairobi Ndogo and Kairini farm, respectively. The treatment with monocrop green gram, NPK fertilizer had the highest stover yield at both sites. The means for green gram grain yield ranged from 0.22 t/ha to 0.07 t/ha and 1.07 t/ha to 0.11 t/ha for Nairobi Ndogo and Kairini farm, respectively. Overall, the study underscores the potential of integrated soil fertility management in enhancing sorghum and green gram production, ensuring food security, and improving soil health in Tharaka-Nithi County. The findings advocate for the adoption of conventional intercropping systems supplemented with appropriate fertilization strategies to optimize crop productivity and soil fertility management in similar agro-ecological contexts. 

The Effects of Integrated Soil Fertility Management Practices in Enhancing Sorghum Yields

Tied-ridging and soil inputs enhance small-scale maize productivity and profitability under erratic rainfall conditions in central Kenya

Water and nutrients are the main factors limiting grain production in the dry regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Given the onset of global climate change, the effects of drought stress on crop yield becomes more pronounced. Different approaches have been initiated to address this; however, they have been introduced at different times, in isolation, and at varying spatial scales. We evaluated four soil and water conservation technologies (mulching, minimum tillage, tied ridging and MBILI- intercrop) for three cropping seasons (short rains2020, long rains 2021, and short rains 2021) in the dry zones of central highlands of Kenya. The objectives were to determine effects of the technologies on run off, soil moisture content and to assess the influence of the technologies on sorghum yield. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with six treatments replicated four times. At the start of the experiment soil was sampled at 0-20cm and analysed for pH, N, P, K, C, Ca and Mg. Mulch was applied at a rate of 5t ha-1 and runoff sampled. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS version 9.4 and means separated using Tukey-Kramer Honest Significant Difference Test P≤ 0.05. Runoff, soil moisture and sorghum yield were significantly influenced by mulching. Run off was reduced by 50% (p=0.01) during long rains of 2021 and by 49% during short rains of 2021 under mulching treatment. During short rains of 2020 yield increased by 90% and 77% (p=0.001) under mulching and tied ridges respectively. The study highlights the importance of analyzing selected soil and water conservation technologies under rain fed conditions in response to declining food production with a focus on tied ridges and mulching.

/pdf/effects-of-soil-and-water-conservation-techniques-on-sorghum-mb9w1vvt.pdf

Effects of soil and water conservation techniques on sorghum yield, runoff and soil moisture content in Upper Eastern Kenya

http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844023044948/pdf

Granular and powdered lime improves soil properties and maize (Zea mays l.) performance in humic Nitisols of central highlands in Kenya

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Tied-ridging and soil inputs enhance small-scale maize productivity and profitability under erratic rainfall conditions in central Kenya

Effects of soil and water conservation techniques on sorghum yield, runoff and soil moisture content in Upper Eastern Kenya

Granular and powdered lime improves soil properties and maize (Zea mays l.) performance in humic Nitisols of central highlands in Kenya