The native and exotic plant guilds of the Upper Clutha catchment, New Zealand, are examined. The two guilds produced classifications of the quadrats that were no more different than those using random groups of species, suggesting that the two guilds follow the same vegetational boundaries. There was some evidence, however, that the guilds differ in the environmental factors with which they are correlated

Relations between native and exotic plant guilds in the Upper Clutha, New Zealand

(1) The ecology of montane grassland on five hillsides in the south-central highlands of Sri Lanka was investigated using association-analysis and reciprocal averaging ordination. (2) The vegetational and environmental diversity within the grassland is considerable; the different hillsides are phytosociologically distinct and there is remarkable variation in the floristic composition on each hillside. (3) The diversity is related to various environmental factors of which altitude, aspect, micro-climate, soil, and the degree of human interference are shown to be the most important.

The Ecology of a Montane Grassland in Sri Lanka: I. Quantitative Description of the Vegetation

SUMMARY (1) The distribution of tree species in a montane forest on an isolated hill range in the north-central dry zone lowland of Sri Lanka is described using reciprocal averaging ordination and pattern analysis. (2) Ordination showed that most vegetational variation is related to the degree of exposure to wind, with edaphic and micro-climatic differences being responsible partly for heterogeneity between habitats. (3) Pattern analysis of saplings of Cleistanthus pallidus, C. patulus and Eugenia rotundata showed one scale of pattern, at a block size of 8-16 m, which is related to the restricted dispersal of seeds; mature plants showed no significant departure from a random distribution. The high density pattern of saplings disappears as plants grow older owing, presumably, to density-dependent mortality. (4) The hill range provides an altitudinal range of environments, simulating a zonation from dry to humid climates and supporting a large number of species which are otherwise distributed over a vast area with diverse climates.

Factors affecting the distribution of tree species in a dry zone montane forest in sri lanka

A review is presented on the literature about the distribution of savannas in humid climates in Africa and Asia and their vegetation dynamics. Sections are devoted to Afri- can lowland and montane savannas (the latter divided into southern, eastern, western and northern African), Madagascar, Indian subcontinent, SE Asia and New Guinea. It is concluded that the extension of savannas under humid climatic condi- tions and the relation to the distribution of forests is a function

Distribution and vegetation dynamics of humid savannas

. A review is presented on the literature about the distribution of savannas in humid climates in Africa and Asia and their vegetation dynamics. Sections are devoted to African lowland and montane savannas (the latter divided into southern, eastern, western and northern African), Madagascar, Indian subcontinent, SE Asia and New Guinea. It is concluded that the extension of savannas under humid climatic conditions and the relation to the distribution of forests is a function of cultivation, grazing by domestic and wild animals, present and previous climate, geomorphology and soil characteristics. Once established, savannas are often maintained by fires, both natural and man-made.



Montane savannas are generally brought about by man's clearing, cultivation and burning. Fire is a stochastic variable; it creates an ecotone sensu stricto (an environmentally stochastic stress zone) at the forest/savanna border. On the other hand, if geomorphology and soil are the determinants, the transition between forest and savanna would have the character of an ecocline (a gradient zone) with fundamentally different conditions.



In humid African lowland climates forests expand into savannas if the latter are not maintained by man. Whether forests also expand in less humid climates is disputed. In montane areas forest expansion may be delayed on degraded soils and when diaspores are lacking.

Distribution and vegetation dynamics of humid savannas in Africa and Asia

Association-analyses were made of montane grasslands (patanas) of Sri Lanka using higher plant and soil microfungal data. Stand classifications derived from higher plants and microfungi were remarkably parallel and were in complete agreement with the tentative division of patanas into five major types. The ecological distinctiveness of the five patanas was further evident from the phytosociological affinities of species indicated by classifications of higher plants and microfungi. Multivariate analyses of higher plants and fungi from the same ecosystem are regarded as alternative approaches which provide more information together than alone.

An association-analysis of montane grasslands of Sri Lanka

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An association-analysis of montane grasslands of Sri Lanka