Bone regeneration is a complicated process that involves a series of biological events, such as cellular recruitment, proliferation and differentiation, and so forth, which have been found to be significantly affected by controlled drug delivery. Recently, a lot of research studies have been launched on the application of nanomaterials in controlled drug delivery for bone regeneration. In this article, the latest research progress in this area regarding the use of bioceramics-based, polymer-based, metallic oxide-based and other types of nanomaterials in controlled drug delivery for bone regeneration are reviewed and discussed, which indicates that the controlling drug delivery with nanomaterials should be a very promising treatment in orthopedics. Furthermore, some new challenges about the future research on the application of nanomaterials in controlled drug delivery for bone regeneration are described in the conclusion and perspectives part.

The application of nanomaterials in controlled drug delivery for bone regeneration.

To assess fecal pollution in coastal waters, current monitoring is reliant on culture-based enumeration of bacterial indicators, which does not account for the presence of viable but non-culturable or sediment-associated micro-organisms, preventing effective quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Seasonal variability in viable but non-culturable or sediment-associated bacteria challenge the use of fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) for water monitoring. We evaluated seasonal changes in FIOs and human enteric pathogen abundance in water and sediments from the Ribble and Conwy estuaries in the UK. Sediments possessed greater bacterial abundance than the overlying water column, however, key pathogenic species (Shigella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus and norovirus GI and GII) were not detected in sediments. Salmonella was detected in low levels in the Conwy water in spring/summer and norovirus GII was detected in the Ribble water in winter. The abundance of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. quantified by culture-based methods, rarely matched the abundance of these species when measured by qPCR. The discrepancy between these methods was greatest in winter at both estuaries, due to low CFU's, coupled with higher gene copies (GC). Temperature accounted for 60% the variability in bacterial abundance in water in autumn, whilst in winter salinity explained 15% of the variance. Relationships between bacterial indicators/pathogens and physicochemical variables were inconsistent in sediments, no single indicator adequately described occurrence of all bacterial indicators/pathogens. However, important variables included grain size, porosity, clay content and concentrations of Zn, K, and Al. Sediments with greater organic matter content and lower porosity harbored a greater proportion of non-culturable bacteria (including dead cells and extracellular DNA) in winter. Here, we show the link between physicochemical variables and season which govern culturability of human enteric pathogens and FIOs. Therefore, knowledge of these factors is critical for accurate microbial risk assessment. Future water quality management strategies could be improved through monitoring sediment-associated bacteria and non-culturable bacteria. This could facilitate source apportionment of human enteric pathogens and FIOs and direct remedial action to improve water quality.

/pdf/physicochemical-factors-influence-the-abundance-and-1fk8fmiook.pdf

Physicochemical Factors Influence the Abundance and Culturability of Human Enteric Pathogens and Fecal Indicator Organisms in Estuarine Water and Sediment.

https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/18286/1/EI_DHWrevision_to%20submit%20161213.pdf

Opportunities and limitations of molecular methods for quantifying microbial compliance parameters in EU bathing waters

Advances in neonatal care have led to increased survival rates in preterm infants. Optimizing postnatal nutrition has been a critical factor for improved growth and outcomes in very low-birth-weight infants. Despite rapid progress in the field, obtaining comparable mineral delivery to fetal rates has been challenging. Metabolic bone disease of prematurity is a multifaceted condition primarily resulting from inadequate mineral supply compounded by chronic illness, an immature digestive system, and hormonal imbalance. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of metabolic bone disease.

Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity

Physical & mental activities enhance the neuroprotective effect of vinpocetine & coenzyme Q10 combination against Alzheimer & bone remodeling in rats

Fecal indicator bacteria concentrations, a measure of water pollution, do not remain static in the environment and can fluctuate both temporally and spatially. Diurnal variation, partially resulting from the effects of UV light, may decrease the density of E. coli, resulting in lower concentrations in the afternoon. Previous studies conducted at 63rd Street Beach in Chicago, IL [1] and North Beach in Racine, WI [2] demonstrated significant diurnal variation using an E. coli standard and culture-based assays. Subsequent studies conducted at sewage-impacted Great Lakes beaches employing molecular assays (qPCR) found that the signal remained stable; it is unknown whether a similar scenario exists at non-sewage impacted beaches. During the summer of 2011, surface water samples were collected in the morning and afternoon (0700 and 1200) and analyzed by both IDEXX/Colilert and qPCR/BioGx SmartBeads/OmniMix HS to determine if temporal variation in E. coli was occurring (n = 29/23, culture/qPCR). Analysis of log-converted data (independent t-test/one-way ANOVA) indicated no significant difference in mean E. coli concentration as determined by morning and afternoon sampling via either method (Colilert/qPCR, p = 0.49/0.09, α = 0.05). Although not statistically significant (p = 0.09) there were 5 of 23 (22%) instances where afternoon qPCR values exceeded morning counterparts; two (10%) when culture-based assays did not show a similar response. The utility of rapid assays lies in their ability to generate results prior to beach opening; temporal or event-based fluctuations should be considered when using molecular assays at non-sewage impacted beaches for regulatory purposes.

/pdf/examination-of-diurnal-variation-at-a-non-sewage-impacted-50q29fe50s.pdf

Examination of Diurnal Variation at a Non-Sewage Impacted Beach via qPCR and Culture Based Methods

/pdf/erratum-parathyroid-hormone-as-a-marker-for-metabolic-bone-5as0p7aian.pdf

Erratum: Parathyroid hormone as a marker for metabolic bone disease of prematurity (Journal of Perinatology (2015) 35 (667)) doi:10.1038/jp.2015.64

To compare parathyroid hormone to alkaline phosphatase as a serologic marker for metabolic bone disease (MBD) in preterm infants. An 18-month prospective observational study in neonates with birth weight 180 mg dl−1 or a P level <4.6 mg dl−1 yielded a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94% for severe MBD.

Parathyroid hormone as a marker for metabolic bone disease of prematurity

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Examination of Diurnal Variation at a Non-Sewage Impacted Beach via qPCR and Culture Based Methods

Erratum: Parathyroid hormone as a marker for metabolic bone disease of prematurity (Journal of Perinatology (2015) 35 (667)) doi:10.1038/jp.2015.64

Parathyroid hormone as a marker for metabolic bone disease of prematurity