National Technical Information Service

This paper discusses road damage caused by heavy commercial vehicles. Chapter 1 presents some important terminology and a brief historical review of road construction and vehicle-road interaction, from ancient times to the present day. The main types of vehicle-generated road damage, and the methods that are used by pavement engineers to analyze them are discussed in Chapter 2. Attention is also given to the main features of the response of road surfaces to vehicle loads and mathematical models that have been developed to predict road response. Chapter 3 reviews the effects on road damage of vehicle features which can be studied without consideration of vehicle dynamics. These include gross vehicle weight, axle and tire configurations, tire contact conditions and static load sharing in axle group suspensions. The dynamic tire forces generated by heavy vehicles are examined in Chapter 4. The discussion includes their simulation and measurement, their principal characteristics, the effects of tires and suspension design on dynamic forces, and the potential benefits of using advanced suspensions for minimizing dynamic tire forces. Chapter 5 discusses methods for estimating the effects of dynamic tire forces on road damage. The two main approaches are either to examine the statistics of the forces themselves; or to calculate the response of a pavement model to the forces, and to calculate the resulting wear using a material damage model. The issues involved in assessing vehicles for 'road friendliness' are discussed in Chapter 6. Possible assessment methods include measuring strains in an instrumented pavement traversed by the vehicle, measuring dynamic tire forces, or measuring vehicle parameters such as the 'natural frequency' and 'damping ratio'. Each of these measurements involves different assumptions and analysis methods for converting the results into some measure of road damage. Chapter 7 includes a summary of the main conclusions of the paper and recommendations for tire and suspension design, road design and construction, and for vehicle regulations.

Interaction Between Heavy Vehicles and Roads

SUMMARY The literature concerned with road damage caused by heavy commercial vehicles is reviewed. The main types of vehicle-generated road damage are described and the methods that can be used to analyse them are presented. Attention is given to the principal features of the response of road surfaces to vehicle loads and mathematical models that have been developed to predict road response. Also discussed are those vehicle features which, to a first approximation, can be studied without consideration of the dynamics of the vehicle, including axle and tyre configurations, tyre contact conditions and static load sharing in axle group suspensions. The main emphasis of the paper is on the dynamic tyre forces generated by heavy vehicles: their principal characteristics, their simulation and measurement, the effects of suspension design on the forces and the methods that can be used to estimate their influence on road damage. Some critical research needs are identified.

Vehicle-generated road damage: a review

Origin of the contact force-dependent response of triboelectric nanogenerators

Pavement cores were collected from rutting asphalt concrete pavements less than 2 years old. Laboratory tests revealed common causes of rutting, such as excessive asphalt content, excessive fine-grained aggregate, and high percentages of natural, rounded aggregate particles. A test program was designed and initiated to quantify the contribution to plastic deformation in laboratory-prepared asphalt concrete mixtures when increasing amounts of natural (uncrushed) aggregate particles are added to replace crushed particles. The objective is to generate supporting data and prepare specifications for maximum quantity of certain natural sands, minimum top-size aggregate, and minimum voids in mineral aggregate in paving mixtures to be placed on high traffic volume roadways. Tests on asphalt mixtures included unconfined compression, static and dynamic creep, and indirect tension; the particle index test was used on the aggregate. Results to date have indicated that susceptibility to plastic deformation increases dramatically when natural fine aggregate particles replace crushed particles in a given aggregate gradation. A new theoretical approach that includes the aggregate's influence on rutting is being considered. In this analysis the aggregate's characteristics are studied by using a factor in the creep-recovery performance of the mixture.

Influence of aggregate on rutting in asphalt concrete pavements

16. Abstract This study includes the results of (1) a field study to determine the tire inflation pressures currently being carried by Texas highways, (2) a literature and analytical study to determine what tire contact pressures are actually being applied by modern tires to pavements, and (3) an analytical study to evaluate the effect of thse contact pressures on the stresses and strains in typical Texas flexible pavements. --

Effects of tire pressures on flexible pavements

Effects of truck tire pressures on pavements

This study includes the results of (1) a field study to determine the tire inflation pressures currently being carried by Texas highways, (2) a literature and analytical study to determine what tire contact pressures are actually being applied by modern tires to pavements, and (3) an analytical study to evaluate the effect of those contact pressures on the stresses and strains in typical Texas flexible pavements. Descriptions of the analytical studies include discussions of the finite element computer program used to model the tire carcass and the flexible pavements. The tires included in the analytical study included both truck and passenger car tires operated at typical loads and inflation pressures. The field study showed that tire inflation pressures are much higher on the road than those typically used in design procedures or even in analysis. Truck tire pressures average between 95 and 100 psi on the road, and 75-80 psi is typically used in design. However, these high truck tire inflation pressures translate to contact pressures in the range of 150 to 200 psi. The effect of these high contact pressures is especially detrimental for thin surfaced roads. The analytical pavement studies show that, for pavements typical of the Texas Farm to Market System, the fatigue lives can be reduced by more than 50 percent. These studies indicate that thin, flexible surfaces or thick stiff surfaces offer the best protection against these high contact pressures.

Effects of tire pressures on flexible pavements. final report

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Effects of tire pressures on flexible pavements

Effects of truck tire pressures on pavements

Effects of tire pressures on flexible pavements. final report