Metal-based drugs, including lanthanide complexes, have been extremely effective in clinical treatments against various diseases and have raised major interest in recent decades. Hence, in this work, a series of lanthanum (III) and cerium (III) complexes, including Schiff base ligands derived from (1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)aniline, salicylaldehyde, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde were synthesized and characterized using different spectroscopic methods. Besides their cytotoxic activities, they were examined in human U-937 cells, primate kidney non-cancerous COS-7, and six other, different human tumor cell lines: U251, PC-3, K562, HCT-15, MCF-7, and SK-LU-1. In addition, the synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antiparasitic activity against Leishmania braziliensis, Plasmodium falciparum, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Additionally, antibacterial activities were examined against two Gram-positive strains (S. aureus ATCC® 25923, L. monocytogenes ATCC® 19115) and two Gram-negative strains (E. coli ATCC® 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC® 27583) using the microdilution method. The lanthanide complexes generally exhibited increased biological activity compared with the free Schiff base ligands. Interactions between the tested compounds and model membranes were examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and interactions with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were investigated by ultraviolet (UV) absorption. Molecular docking studies were performed using leishmanin (1LML), cruzain (4PI3), P. falciparum alpha-tubulin (GenBank sequence CAA34101 [453 aa]), and S.aureus penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2A; 5M18) as the protein receptors. The results lead to the conclusion that the synthesized compounds exhibited a notable effect on model membranes imitating mammalian and bacterial membranes and rolled along DNA strands through groove interactions. Interactions between the compounds and studied receptors depended primarily on ligand structures in the molecular docking study.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Potential Pharmacological Activity and Molecular Targets of New Benzimidazole-Based Schiff Base Metal Complexes

An overview on novel synthetic approaches and medicinal applications of benzimidazole compounds

Protease enzyme based cleaner leather processing: A review

Early adolescent girls’ (6th grade) academic achievement was examined using parenting styles as predictors and parent involvement and early adolescents’ self-regulated learning (SRL) as mediators. Participants were 341 early adolescents, 341 mothers, and 20 teachers (N = 702) among all middle schools of Bojnord, Iran―recruited using cluster, multistage sampling. Early adolescents completed the Self-Regulation Questionnaire for School Activities (SRQ), mothers completed the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and Parent Involvement in School Activities Questionnaire (PISAQ), and teachers reported early adolescents’ academic achievement. Authoritative parenting, parent involvement, and SRL altogether explained 36% of the variance in early adolescents’ academic achievement. Authoritative parenting and parent involvement explained 26% of the variance in early adolescents’ SRL. Authoritative parenting was positively related to academic achievement, whereas authoritarian and permissive parenting were not. Authoritative parenting related positively and significantly to early adolescents’ academic achievement through increased SRL and parental involvement in early adolescents’ academic life. Although parental involvement was better than noninvolvement, the positive link between parental involvement and early adolescents’ academic achievement depended on the quality of parenting style. Authoritative parents’ involvement was positively and significantly related to early adolescents’ academic achievement, whereas authoritarian and permissive parents’ involvement were nonsignificant. These findings were contrary to arguments regarding the positive relations between authoritarian parenting and academic achievement in collectivist cultures. Autonomous self-regulatory learning capacities were central to academic achievement for early adolescents in Iran―lending support to the proposition that independence, self-reliance, and individual initiative are necessary for developmental progress in cultures assumed to be collectivistic.

Parenting styles and academic achievement of early adolescent girls in Iran: mediating roles of parent involvement and self-regulated learning

Heterocyclic compounds are foundational in drug discovery, constituting the core structure of approximately 80% of pharmaceuticals. Benzimidazole, in particular, emerges as a critical aromatic heterocyclic system present in natural compounds, playing an indispensable role in medicinal chemistry. Beyond its pharmaceutical importance, benzimidazole demonstrates its versatility across diverse domains, including materials science and a wide spectrum of pharmacological applications, encompassing antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The prominence of benzimidazole in both biological activities and industrial applications underscores its pivotal role as a versatile heterocyclic scaffold. Its outstanding attributes, such as enhanced bioavailability, stability, and biological activity, have drawn significant attention from both researchers and industries. This comprehensive review delves into various synthetic approaches to benzimidazole synthesis, with a focus on practical and eco-friendly pathways utilizing various catalysts, including biocatalysts, nanocatalysts, and photocatalysts. Additionally, this review sheds light on the recent advancements of benzimidazole across multiple sectors, spanning pharmaceuticals, materials science, agriculture, and coordination chemistry. Finally, this work summarized the major challenges and presents potential directions for future research endeavors in benzimidazole applications within pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and industrial sectors. 

Benzimidazole: A Versatile Scaffold for Drug Discovery and Beyond - A Comprehensive Review of Synthetic Approaches and Recent Advancements in Medicinal Chemistry

Proteases are widespread in nature and execute a large variety of functions and have important biotechnological applications. A novel protease producing bacterial stain was isolated from the local soil sample. The bacterium was gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After different tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus subtilis in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. It was also characterized and identified by using a bioinformatics tool PIB that suggests the organism was B. subtilis (ID=0.9760). The experimentally determined isoelectric point was 5.3 and the optimal enzyme activity was at 60°C and at pH 8.5. We found that proteolytic activity of enzyme was 21.13 units and extracellular protease activity was higher than intracellular protease activity of the bacterium. Native enzyme preparations typically showed a Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax of 0.43mM and 12,300 U mg)-1, respectively. Enzyme purity was tested by SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight of the protease was found to be ~30 KDa. The enzyme was slightly modulated by MG++ ion, and significantly by Hg++ ion, while Zn++ ion slightly decrease the proteolytic activity. The enzyme was also seen to be able to remove blood and curry stain from clothes; making it a very promising candidate to be used in a leather, poultry and detergent industry. A number of companies such as NOVO chemicals started to produce NOVOzymes for tannery and poultry industries.

Thermotolerant Extracellular Proteases Produced by Bacillus subtilis Isolated from Local Soil that Representing Industrial Applications

A series of 2-substituted Benzimidazole having imine linkage were synthesized by two step reactions. In the first step, o-phenylenediamine was condensed with p-amino benzoic acid in xylene and poly phosphoric acid to give 2-amino Benzimidazole. In the second step, 2-amino Benzimidazole is treated with different substituted aldehydes and ketones to form substituted Benzimidazole having imine linkage. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by tube dilution method. The compounds SAM-2 and SAM-10 were found to be more potent than standard drug vancomycin against Gram (+) ve and Gram (–) ve bacteria. The compounds SAM-4 and SAM-9 had antimicrobial activity comparable to standard drugs against both the microorganisms. The aims of this study to synthesize novel benzimidazole derivatives containing Schiff’s base and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized derivatives against S. aureus and E. coli.

/pdf/synthesis-of-benzimidazole-derivatives-containing-schiff-2chp6fayae.pdf

Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives Containing Schiff Base Exhibiting Antimicrobial Activities

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Thermotolerant Extracellular Proteases Produced by Bacillus subtilis Isolated from Local Soil that Representing Industrial Applications

Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives Containing Schiff Base Exhibiting Antimicrobial Activities