Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests of many fruits and vegetables. In this study, the external morphology, types, and distribution of antennal sensilla in both male and female adults of the six fruit fly species, including Bactrocera tau (Walker), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), Bactrocera diaphora (Hendel), and Bactrocera scutellata (Hendel), were observed by using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of the six fruit fly species consist of a basal scape, pedicel, and an elongated flagellum. Arising from the proximal dorsal ridge of flagellum there is an arista consisting of two short basal segments and a long thin distal segment. Six distinct morphological types of sensilla are recorded in both sexes, including microtrichial sensilla, sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichoid, sensilla basiconica, short type of sensilla basiconica, and sensilla coeloconica. The abundance and distribution of these six sensilla types on the antennae of both sexes are recorded. In addition, the possible functions of the above-mentioned sensilla types are discussed in light of previously published literature. The functions include the mechanoreception of microtrichial sensilla, sensilla chaetica, and sensilla trichoid; olfactory functions of sensilla basiconic, and sensilla coeloconica; and thermoreception of the short type of sensilla basiconica. Future functional antennal morphology and electrophysiological studies are needed to confirm these proposed functions.

https://bioone.org/journals/annals-of-the-entomological-society-of-america/volume-103/issue-4/AN09170/Morphological-Characterization-and-Distribution-of-Antennal-Sensilla-of-Six-Fruit/10.1603/AN09170.pdf

Morphological Characterization and Distribution of Antennal Sensilla of Six Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Antennal sensilla of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Six sensillar types were recognised: a multiporous double-walled type (Mp-dw), multiporous single-walled types (Mp-sw) (4 subtypes) and no-pore sensilla with inflexible sockets (Np-is). The Mp-sw sensilla were categorised on the basis of wall thickness and differences in wall, pore and dendrite structure. The Mp-dw sensilla are innervated by 2 or 3 unbranched dendrites. The Mp-sw thick-walled sensilla have 1 or 2 sensory cells, whose dendrites show limited branching within the shaft. The Mp-sw thin-walled sensilla are innervated by 2 or 3 sensory cells with dendrites that branch extensively within the shaft. The Np-is sensilla have not previously been described from tephritid antennae, and are found only in the antennal sensory pit. They have a granular appearance to the exterior walls and are innervated by 3 sensory cells, only 2 of which project dendrites into the hair lumen. The proposed functions of the sensilla are discussed.

Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Antennal morphology and funicular sensilla of male and female papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, were studied with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Antennae were 3-segmented, consisting of a scape, a pedicel, a flagellum or funiculus that bears the arista. Antennal segments of males showed a trend toward slightly greater dimensions than those of females, but the differences were not significant. Numerous microtrichia as well as trichoid, basiconic, clavate, and styloconic sensilla were observed on the funiculus, and the sensillar characteristics were similar to those reported for other tephritid species. Males and females did not differ in total number or type of sensilla found on the funiculus, but trichoid and clavate sensilla were significantly larger in females. This difference may be related to female chemoreception of male-emitted sex pheromone and of host plant volatiles.

Antennal Sensilla of Toxotrypana curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Single-unit electrophysiology was used to record the nerve impulses from the carbon dioxide receptors of female Queensland fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni. The receptors responded to stimulation in a phasic-tonic manner and also had a period of inhibition of the nerve impulses after the end of stimulation, at high stimulus intensities. The cell responding to carbon dioxide was presented with a range of environmental odorants and found to respond to methyl butyrate and 2-butanone. The coding characteristics of the carbon dioxide cell and the ability to detect other odorants are discussed, with particular reference to the known behavior of the fly.

Olfaction in the Queensland Fruit Fly, Bactrocera tryoni. II: Response Spectra and Temporal Encoding Characteristics of the Carbon Dioxide Receptors

The antennal sensilla of Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) adults were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Both sexes have the same form and number of antennal segments. The scape and the pedicel are covered entirely by microtrichia. In the distal part of both segments, a series of longitudinally striated hairs was observed, originating in a flexible socket and ending in a pointed tip. Six types of sensilla were observed in the funiculus: 1) thick-walled multiporous pitted sensilla subtype I and subtype II, 2) thin-walled multiporous pitted sensilla long subtype I and medium length subtype II, 3) basiconic sensilla, 4) multiporous grooved sensilla, 5) clavate sensilla, and 6) an olfactory pit with two small conical and striated sensilla inside. Furthermore, there is a large quantity of microtrichia surrounding the entire funiculus. In the proximal dorso-lateral region of the funiculus, there are trichoid aristae composed of two short segments and one large segment, which have fixed base bristles or tactile hairs without membranes.

/pdf/antennal-sensilla-of-anastrepha-serpentina-diptera-408pbv6vvt.pdf

Antennal Sensilla of Anastrepha serpentina (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Four types of sensilla are present on the antennal surface of four tropical tephritid species of economic importanc—the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew); the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett; and the oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel. Three types of porous sensilla occur only on the funiculus. Two types of multiporous pitted sensilla (MPS)—thick-walled and thin-walled—house dendritic branches, and both are probably chemoreceptors. Electrophysiological recordings from cells associated with a thick-walled MPS in C. capitata showed that it responds to trimedlure, a known attractant. Multiporous grooved sensilla also occurring on the funiculus were, however, too small for recordings. No-pore sensilla are found only on the scape and pedicel, and electrophysiological recordings show them to be mechanoreceptors.

/pdf/tephritid-olfaction-morphology-of-the-antennae-of-four-1boxs5l168.pdf

Tephritid Olfaction: Morphology of the Antennae of Four Tropical Species of Economic Importance (Diptera: Tephritidae)

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Tephritid Olfaction: Morphology of the Antennae of Four Tropical Species of Economic Importance (Diptera: Tephritidae)