CuO nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, growth mechanisms, fundamental properties, and applications

Electrochemical synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity

Inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) have attracted great attention in recent years due to their reliable operational stability, negligible hysteresis and low-temperature fabrication process. To accelerate their commercialization, the focus of research on IPSCs has been to enhance the power conversion efficiency over the past few years. Herein, an overview of efficiency progress in IPSCs is given including the structure design, the fabrication of perovskite films and the modification of charge transport materials. Specifically, the effects of interface passivation on the performance of those devices have been emphasized. Finally, perspectives on the further development and commercialization of IPSCs are proposed, such as developing new electron transport materials and rear electrode materials, and employing field effect passivation materials and inorganic hole transport materials.

Efficiency progress of inverted perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have advanced quickly with their power conversion efficiency approaching the record of silicon solar cells. However, there is still a big challenge to obtain both high efficiency and long‐term stability for future commercialization of PSCs. The major instability issue is associated with the decomposition or phase transition of perovskite materials that are believed to be intrinsically unstable under outdoor working conditions. Herein, the authors review the approaches that marked important progress in developing new functional electron/hole transporting materials that enabled highly efficient and stable PSCs. The findings that accelerate charge diffusion and that suppress the irrevocable loss of ions diffusing out of perovskite materials and other diffusion processes are highlighted. In addition, derivative interface engineering methods to control the diffusion process of charges/ions/molecules are also reviewed. Finally, the authors propose key research issues in charge transporting materials and interface engineering with regard to the important diffusion processes that will be one of the keys to realize highly efficient and long‐term stable PSCs.

Toward Long-Term Stable and Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells via Effective Charge Transporting Materials

Polyaniline (PANI)/copper oxide (CuO), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/CuO and polypyrrole (PPy)/CuO have been synthesized electrochemically on glassy carbon electrode in sodium dodecyl sulfate in sulfuric acid solution as an electroactive material. To our best knowledge, the first report on comparison of supercapacitor behaviors of PANI/CuO, PEDOT/CuO and PPy/CuO nanocomposite films was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, related to the plots of Nyquist, Bode magnitude and Bode phase. The highest specific capacitance (C
 sp) was obtained as C
 sp = 286.35 F × g−1 at the scan rate of 20 mV × s−1 for PANI/CuO amongst the PEDOT/CuO (C
 sp = 198.89 F × g−1 at 5 mV × s−1) and PPy/CuO (C
 sp = 20.78 F × g−1 at 5 mV × s−1) by CV method. Long-term stability of the capacitor has also been tested by CV method, and the results indicated that, after 500 cycles, the specific capacitance of PANI/CuO nanocomposite film is 81.82 % of the initial capacitance. An equivalent circuit model of R
 s(C
 dl(R
 1(Q(R
 2
 W)))) has been used to fit the experimental and theoretical data.

Supercapacitor behaviors of polyaniline/CuO, polypyrrole/CuO and PEDOT/CuO nanocomposites

Thin films of semiconducting polyaniline (PANi) nanofibers reinforced with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared on glass substrate using spin coating technique. Polyaniline (PANi) have been synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method with monomer aniline in presence of (NH4)2S2O8 as an oxidant at 0 °C. The copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized by sol–gel method. Physical properties of nanocomposite (NCs) films were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, Two probe resistivity measurement technique and Thermo-emf measurement. Structural analysis showed that the crystal structure of CuO is not disturbed in the PANi–CuO hybrid nanocomposite. Surface morphology study shows the uniform distribution of CuO nanoparticles in PANi matrix. FTIR and UV–Visible studies confirm the presence of polyaniline in emeraldine base form in the composites and suggest incorporation of CuO in polymer. Two probe electrical resistivity measurements of nanocomposites (NCs) film revealed that the resistivity of PANi increases with increasing content of CuO NPs.

Polyaniline–CuO hybrid nanocomposites: synthesis, structural, morphological, optical and electrical transport studies

Nanocrystalline copper oxide (CuO) thin films have been synthesized by a sol–gel method using cupric acetate Cu (CH3COO) as a precursor. The as prepared powder was sintered at various temperatures in the range of (300–700 °C) and has been deposited onto a glass substrates using spin coating technique. The structural, compositional, morphological, electrical optical and gas sensing properties of CuO thin films have been studied by X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Four Probe Resistivity measurement and UV–visible spectrophotometer. The variation in annealing temperature affected the film morphology and optoelectronic properties. X-ray diffraction patterns of CuO films show that all the films are nanocrystallized in the monoclinic structure and present a random orientation. The crystallite size increases with increasing annealing temperature (40–45 nm).The room temperature dc electrical conductivity was increased from 10−6 to 10−5 (Ω cm)−1, after annealing due to the removal of H2O vapor which may resist conduction between CuO grain. The thermopower measurement shows that CuO films were found of n-type, apparently suggesting the existence of oxygen vacancies in the structure. The electron carrier concentration (n) and mobility (μ) of CuO films annealed at 400–700 °C were estimated to be of the order of 4.6–7.2 × 1019 cm−3 and 3.7–5.4 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 respectively. It is observed that CuO thin film annealing at 700 °C after deposition provide a smooth and flat texture suited for optoelectronic applications. The optical band gap energy decreases (1.64–1.46 eV) with increasing annealing temperature. It was observed that the crystallite size increases with increasing annealing temperature. These modifications influence the morphology, electrical and optical properties.

Nanocrystalline CuO thin films: synthesis, microstructural and optoelectronic properties

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Polyaniline–CuO hybrid nanocomposites: synthesis, structural, morphological, optical and electrical transport studies

Nanocrystalline CuO thin films: synthesis, microstructural and optoelectronic properties