In this advanced instructional laboratory, students explore complex detection systems and nondestructive assay techniques used in the field of nuclear physics. After setting up and calibrating a neutron detection system, students carry out timing and energy deposition analyses of radiation signals. Through the timing of prompt fission neutron signals, multiplicity counting is used to carry out a special nuclear material (SNM) nondestructive assay. Our experimental setup is comprised of eight trans-stilbene organic scintillation detectors in a well-counter configuration, and measurements are taken on a spontaneous fission source as well as two (α,n) sources. By comparing each source's measured multiplicity distribution, the resulting measurements of the (α,n) sources can be distinguished from that of the spontaneous fission source. Such comparisons prevent the spoofing, i.e., intentional imitation, of a fission source by an (α,n) neutron source. This instructional laboratory is designed for nuclear engineering and physics students interested in organic scintillators, neutron sources, and nonproliferation radiation measurement techniques.

pdf/multiplicity-counting-using-organic-scintillators-to-voo4c5u8l8.pdf

Multiplicity counting using organic scintillators to distinguish neutron sources: An advanced teaching laboratory

The application of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology for weak-light detection at a single photon level has expanded thanks to its better photon detection efficiency in comparison to a conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT). SiPMs with large detection area have recently become commercially available, enabling applications where the photon flux is low both temporarily and spatially. On the other hand, several drawbacks exist in the usage of SiPMs such as a higher dark count rate, many readout channels, slow response time, and optical crosstalk; therefore, users need to carefully consider the trade-offs. This work presents a SiPM-embedded compact large-area photon detection module. Various techniques are adopted to overcome the disadvantages of SiPMs so that it can be generally utilized as an upgrade from a PMT. A simple cooling component and recently developed optical crosstalk suppression method are adopted to reduce the noise which is more serious for larger-area SiPMs. A dedicated readout circuit increases the response frequency and reduces the number of readout channels. We favorably compare this design with a conventional PMT and obtain both higher photon detection efficiency and larger-area acceptance.

High-sensitivity low-noise photodetector using a large-area silicon photomultiplier.

Up to fifty thousand front-end and service hybrids are required for the CMS Outer Tracker Phase-2 Upgrade. These hybrids, which are built on carbon fibre stiffened circuits and contain several flip-chip ASICs, will be glued in module structures, making repairs almost impossible. Due to their complexity, testing within production is a very important aspect. A multiplexed testing infrastructure, based on custom crates and test cards, is presented. This testing hardware is supported by software tools to enable the exhaustive verification of hybrids at the manufacturing sites and for their acceptance within the collaboration.

Hybrids acceptance tools for the CMS Phase-2 Tracker Upgrade

Highly sensitive ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors are highly desired for industrial and scientific applications. However, the responsivity of silicon photodiodes in the UV wavelength band is relatively low due to high-density Si/SiO2 interface states. In this paper, a coplanar avalanche photodiode (APD) was developed with a virtual guard ring design. When working in Geiger mode, it exhibited a strong UV response. The responsivity of 4 × 103 A/W (corresponding to a gain of 8 × 106) at 261 nm is measured under the incident power of 0.6 μW with an excess bias of 1.5 V. To the best of our knowledge, the maximum 3-dB bandwidth of 1.4 GHz is the first report ever for a Si APD when working in the Geiger mode in spite of the absence of an integrated CMOS read-out circuit.

/pdf/ultraviolet-response-in-coplanar-silicon-avalanche-168d0sq9.pdf

Ultraviolet Response in Coplanar Silicon Avalanche Photodiodes with CMOS Compatibility

The next generation magnetic spectrometer in space, AMS-100, is designed with a geometrical acceptance of 100 m 2 sr for a ten year operation at Sun–Earth Lagrange Point 2. The purpose of AMS-100 is to improve the sensitivity for the observation of new phenomena in cosmic rays by at least a factor of 1000 compared to AMS-02. The AMS-100 detector consists of a high temperature superconducting solenoid, an electromagnetic calorimeter , a tracking system made out of silicon and scintillating fibre modules and a time-of-flight system based on plastic scintillators readout by silicon photomultipliers. We will present the AMS-100 project. In the framework of the related R & D-programme, measurements with a test coil made out of 8 layers HTS tape will be shown. Time resolution measurements with a ToF-prototype in the temperature range of + 30 ° C to − 40 ° C will be discussed. The first produced 12-layer fibre mat made out of 125 μ m thick scintillating fibres and the quality control measurements will be shown. 

The AMS-100 experiment: The next generation magnetic spectrometer in space

AMS-100 is the next-generation high-energy cosmic-ray experiment in Space. It is designed as a magnetic spectrometer with a geometrical acceptance of 100 m2 · sr to be operated for ten years at the Sun–Earth Lagrange Point 2. Its Time-of-Flight (TOF) detector is a crucial sub-detector for the main trigger and the particle identification constructed from individual scintillation counters. A fast time measurement with a resolution of 20 ps for a single counter is required to cover wide energy ranges for particle identification. A prototype counter has been designed based on a fast plastic scintillator tile readout by two silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). An amplifier board was built to merge 16 SiPM channels into four readout channels in a hybrid connection. The signals are read out by a fast waveform digitizer. The timing performance was studied with electrons from a 90Sr source. A time resolution of 40 ps for a single counter has been achieved. Various operational and environmental conditions have been studied.

/pdf/the-development-of-sipm-based-fast-time-of-flight-detector-2qs3otyg.pdf

The Development of SiPM-Based Fast Time-of-Flight Detector for the AMS-100 Experiment in Space

Alongside the High Luminosity LHC upgrade, the silicon tracker of the CMS detector will be replaced within the scope of the so-called Phase-2 upgrade. The new tracker will consist of an inner part (Inner Tracker with pixelated modules) and at larger radii the Outer Tracker with two different module types (PS and 2S modules). One hybrid type used on these modules is the 2S service hybrid. It provides the optical link connection of a 2S module via the Low Power Giga Bit Transceiver (lpGBT) and a Versatile Transceiver Plus module (VTRx+). It is also responsible for the module power distribution. The different responsibilities of the hybrid require a complete testing, which is performed by a dedicated custom made test card. After a hybrid has been installed on the test card, all signal connections can be tested and verified. The test system is designed to handle a high throughput during mass production. The requirements and the design for the 2S service hybrid test card are presented together with testing results of the first final 2S service hybrid prototypes.

Test system for the service hybrid of the 2S module for the CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker upgrade

Hybrid production status of the CMS Outer Tracker for the Phase-2 Upgrade

Insights gained from test system preparation for the hybrids production for the CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker

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The Development of SiPM-Based Fast Time-of-Flight Detector for the AMS-100 Experiment in Space

Test system for the service hybrid of the 2S module for the CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker upgrade

Hybrid production status of the CMS Outer Tracker for the Phase-2 Upgrade

Insights gained from test system preparation for the hybrids production for the CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker