and Fuels Changzhi Li,† Xiaochen Zhao,† Aiqin Wang,† George W. Huber,†,‡ and Tao Zhang*,† †State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States

Catalytic Transformation of Lignin for the Production of Chemicals and Fuels

Increasing energy demand, especially in the transportation sector, and soaring CO2 emissions necessitate the exploitation of renewable sources of energy. Despite the large variety of new energy carriers, liquid hydrocarbon still appears to be the most attractive and feasible form of transportation fuel taking into account the energy density, stability and existing infrastructure. Biomass is an abundant, renewable source of energy; however, utilizing it in a cost-effective way is still a substantial challenge. Lignocellulose is composed of three major biopolymers, namely cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is recognized as an efficient and feasible process to selectively convert lignocellulose into a liquid fuel—bio-oil. However bio-oil from fast pyrolysis contains a large amount of oxygen, distributed in hundreds of oxygenates. These oxygenates are the cause of many negative properties, such as low heating value, high corrosiveness, high viscosity, and instability; they also greatly limit the application of bio-oil particularly as transportation fuel. Hydrocarbons derived from biomass are most attractive because of their high energy density and compatibility with the existing infrastructure. Thus, converting lignocellulose into transportation fuels via catalytic fast pyrolysis has attracted much attention. Many studies related to catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass have been published. The main challenge of this process is the development of active and stable catalysts that can deal with a large variety of decomposition intermediates from lignocellulose. This review starts with the current understanding of the chemistry in fast pyrolysis of lignocellulose and focuses on the development of catalysts in catalytic fast pyrolysis. Recent progress in the experimental studies on catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass is also summarized with the emphasis on bio-oil yields and quality.

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass

Production of monomeric phenols by thermochemical conversion of biomass: a review.

Fire retardancy of polymeric materials is a subject of major preoccupation due to the need to minimize fire risk and meet fire safety requirements. Numerous efficient conventional flame retardants based on halogen, mineral, and other compounds have been developed. However, some of these compounds, particularly halogen flame retardants, are harmful to our health and the environment, and their use has been restricted. In addition, the increasing concern about the reduction of the ecological footprint of materials, has encouraged the development of new plastics and additives made from renewable resources. As a result, renewed interest is emerging for the development of sustainable solutions for flame retardants for polymeric materials. This paper focuses on the identification of biomass compounds that have a potential as flame retardants for polymers due to their high availability and inherent properties. The last section of this paper explores the recent progress in flame retardant systems, based on the use of renewable products, which constitutes a promising approach to provide materials with improved fire resistance.

Bio-based flame retardants: When nature meets fire protection

http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/65770/2/Manuscript.pdf

The multi-scale challenges of biomass fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading: Review of the state of art and future research directions

Secondary char formation in the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass

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Secondary char formation in the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass