A review of planar biaxial tensile test systems for sheet metal

Mixed numerical–experimental technique for orthotropic parameter identification using biaxial tensile tests on cruciform specimens

Design of a cruciform specimen for biaxial testing of fibre reinforced composite laminates

A testing apparatus has been developed to study the behavior of sheet metals and composite materials under monotonic and cyclic biaxial loading conditions. This test facility employs cruciform specimens that are loaded in their plane. Problems encountered while developing the test system are discussed. We also discuss the difficulties common to test methods employing cruciform specimens. These relate to the design of a suitable specimen geometry and to the determination of the stresses throughout the specimen. A method for designing an optimal geometry for these specimens is presented. This method is based on the statistical tools of factorial and response surface designs. The statistical method, coupled with a finite-element analysis of the specimen, was successfully applied to optimize the geometry of a cruciform specimen with a circular reduced central region.

Development of an apparatus for biaxial testing using cruciform specimens

Experimental investigation of the biaxial behaviour of an aluminum sheet

A biaxial extensometer for measuring strains in flat cruciform specimens is presented. This extensometer allows for the use of two displacement or strain transducers to control and measure strains along mutually orthogonal directions in the plane of the specimen. The measurement and control of strains along each direction are completely independent of each other. The resolution and the measurable strain range of the biaxial extensometer depend on the particular displacement transducers employed. Independently adjustable gage lengths are incorporated along the two directions such that different strain ranges can be measured with the same transducer displacement range. The use of the biaxial extensometer with cruciform specimens and other applications, including the possibility for measuring triaxial strains in a plate specimen, are discussed.

Design of a biaxial extensometer for measuring strains in cruciform specimens

It is well know that high-strain biaxial testing with axial force and pressure on thin-walled tubes can be interesting from several points of view: capability of testing over the whole range of strain or stress ratios, great versatility of testing. and because of the physical system, the measured strains and stresses are principal. Nevertheless, there are few experimental-biaxial-fatique data due to the complexity of the testing equipment involved. In this paper, an experimental testing rig capable of subjecting thin-walled tubes to combined dynamic loadings in tension-compression with torsion and tension-compression with internal-external pressure is presented. The following components are described: the mechanical and hydraulic system, servohydraulic control, specimen configuration, strain-measuring equipment and data-acquisition system. The computation of stresses and strains, as well as examples of data acquisition, are also shown.

A high-strain biaxial-testing rig for thin-walled tubes under axial load and pressure

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Design of a biaxial extensometer for measuring strains in cruciform specimens

A high-strain biaxial-testing rig for thin-walled tubes under axial load and pressure