Plants influence the behavior of and modify community composition of soil-dwelling organisms through the exudation of organic molecules. Given the chemical complexity of the soil matrix, soil-dwelling organisms have evolved the ability to detect and respond to these cues for successful foraging. A key question is how specific these responses are and how they may evolve. Here, we review and discuss the ecology and evolution of chemotaxis of soil nematodes. Soil nematodes are a group of diverse functional and taxonomic types, which may reveal a variety of responses. We predicted that nematodes of different feeding guilds use host-specific cues for chemotaxis. However, the examination of a comprehensive nematode phylogeny revealed that distantly related nematodes, and nematodes from different feeding guilds, can exploit the same signals for positive orientation. Carbon dioxide (CO2), which is ubiquitous in soil and indicates biological activity, is widely used as such a cue. The use of the same signals by a variety of species and species groups suggests that parts of the chemo-sensory machinery have remained highly conserved during the radiation of nematodes. However, besides CO2, many other chemical compounds, belonging to different chemical classes, have been shown to induce chemotaxis in nematodes. Plants surrounded by a complex nematode community, including beneficial entomopathogenic nematodes, plant-parasitic nematodes, as well as microbial feeders, are thus under diffuse selection for producing specific molecules in the rhizosphere that maximize their fitness. However, it is largely unknown how selection may operate and how belowground signaling may evolve. Given the paucity of data for certain groups of nematodes, future work is needed to better understand the evolutionary mechanisms of communication between plant roots and soil biota.

/pdf/ecology-and-evolution-of-soil-nematode-chemotaxis-50w2kmk56g.pdf

Ecology and evolution of soil nematode chemotaxis.

Preface Gunther Witzany.- 1. Why Biocommunication of Animals? Gunther Witzany.- 2. Signs of Communication in Chimpanzees Mary Lee A. Jensvold et al.- 3. African and Asian elephant vocal communication: A cross-species comparison Angela Stoeger, Shermin de Silva.- 4. The information content of wolf (and dog) social communication Tamas Farago et al.- 5. Social origin of vocal communication in rodents Stefan M. Brudzynski.- 6. Why the caged mouse sings: Studies of the mouse ultrasonic song system and vocal behavior Gustavo Arriaga.- 7. Vibrational Communication: Spiders to Kangaroo Rats Jan A. Randall.- 8. Communicative Coordination in Bees Gunther Witzany.- 9. Social association brings out the altruism in an ant Kenji Hara.- 10. Termite communication during different behavioral activities Ana Maria Costa-Leonardo, Ives Haifig.- 11. Crows and Crow Feeders: Observations on Interspecific Semiotics John M. Marzluff, Marc L. Miller.- 12. Interspecies communication with Grey Parrots: A tool for examining cognitive processing Irene M. Pepperberg.- 13. Singing in space and time: the biology of birdsong Marc Naguib, Katharina Riebel.- 14. Chemical persuasion in salamanders Lynne Houck.- 15. Chelonian vocal Communication Camila R. Ferrara et al.- 16. Cetacean Acoustic Communication Laela S. Sayigh.- 17. Communication in the ultraviolet: unravelling the secret language of fish Ulrike E. Siebeck.- 18. Young squeaker catfish can already talk and listen to their conspecifics Walter Lechner.- 19. Cognition and recognition in the cephalopod mollusc Octopus vulgaris: coordinating interaction with environment and conspecifics Elena Tricarico et al.- 20. How Corals coordinate and organize: an ecosystemic analysis based fractal properties Pierre Madl, Gunther Witzany.- 21. Nematode Communication Yen-Ping Hsueh et al.- Index.

Biocommunication of Animals

A new species of the genus Acantholaimus is described from the South Atlantic, in the Potiguar Basin off the continental shelf of northeast Brazil. Acantholaimus marliae sp. n. is characterized by the long body; numerous somatic setae arranged in four sublateral longitudinal rows; buccal cavity with five solid teeth (four subventral and one dorsal), with the largest tooth dorsally located and the most protuberant between the subventral teeth shaped similarly to a "bottle opener"; and spiral fovea amphidialis . Acantholaimus marliae sp. n. is the only species described for the genus that has a spiral fovea amphidialis . This is the fifth species of Acantholaimus described from shallow water. An emended diagnosis of the genus is provided.

First record of spiral fovea amphidialis in Acantholaimus (Chromadoridae: Nematoda), with a description of a new species from shallow sediments of the South Atlantic and an emended diagnosis of the genus

Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is a parasitic nematode that has been formulated into a biological control agent for slugs. The nematode responds to slug-associated cues such as mucus and feces in order to locate potential hosts. We assessed the olfactory response of P. hermaphrodita to mucus from 9 species of slugs, 2 snails, and 2 earthworms (non-hosts). We then examined the susceptibility of each invertebrate test species to high doses of P. hermaphrodita to determine whether susceptible species are more attractive than non-susceptible species to the nematode. We also studied the numbers of infective juveniles produced in each test species, as well as infectivity. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita showed strong attraction to mucus from the non-susceptible slug Arion subfuscus, the snail Helix aspersa, and the highly susceptible slug Deroceras reticulatum. In reproduction experiments, P. hermaphrodita produced the highest number of infective juveniles in D. reticulatum and Deroceras panormitanum; how...

Chemoattraction and Host Preference of the Gastropod Parasitic Nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita

OBJECTIVE: Motor vehicle collisions (MVC) are a major cause of injury, which frequently leads to chronic pain and prolonged disability. Several studies have found that seeking or receiving financial compensation following MVC leads to poorer recovery and worse pain. We systematically evaluated the evidence for the relationship between compensation and chronic pain following MVC within a biopsychosocial framework. METHOD: A comprehensive search of five computerized databases was conducted. METHODological quality was evaluated independently by two researchers according to formal criteria, and discrepancies were resolved with a third reviewer. RESULTS: We identified 5619 studies, 230 full-text articles were retrieved and 27 studies were retained for appraisal. A third of studies (37%) were low quality, and 44% did not measure or control for factors such as injury severity or pre-injury pain and disability. Most studies (70%) reported adverse outcomes, including all of the highest quality studies. Engagement with compensation systems was related to more prevalent self-reported chronic pain, mental health disorders and reduced return to work. Recovery was poorer when fault was attributed to another, or when a lawyer was involved. Five studies compared Tort "common law" and No-Fault schemes directly and concluded that Tort claimants had poorer recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Although causal relationships cannot be assumed, the findings imply that aspects of loss, injustice, and secondary mental health outcomes lead to chronic pain following MVC. Further robust prospective research is required to understand the complex relationship between compensation systems and pain following road trauma, particularly the role of secondary mental health outcomes. Language: en

Chronic Pain Following Motor Vehicle Collision: A Systematic Review of Outcomes Associated With Seeking or Receiving Compensation.

Nematode sense organs

COMT haplotypes predict pain intensity and interference 6 weeks after motor vehicle collision

Risk factors for persistent pain after motor vehicle collision differ between litigants and non-litigants

Individual vulnerability factors, but not collision-related factors, are associated with extent of moderate or severe pain symptoms in the immediate aftermath of motor vehicle collision

A pain in the neck? Which regions of body pain are most associated with pain interference and other health outcomes 6 weeks after motor vehicle collision

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