Indoor radon concentrations have been measured in Santana cave, the most frequented cave of PETAR (High Ribeira River Tourist State Park), situated southern of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The measurements were carried out with CR-39 detectors installed in four of the most frequently visited galleries. Preliminary results from November 2009 to June 2010 show radon concentrations varying from 1.9 ± 0.1 to 8.4 ± 0.6 kBq m(-3). The total annual effective dose for all galleries was 3.32 mSv. The complete evaluation will be concluded by September 2010.

Assessment of effective doses from radon levels for tour guides at several galleries of Santana Cave, Southern Brazil, with CR-39 detectors: preliminary results.

In this study, the indoor radon activity concentrations have been measured in the Neapolitan catacombs using LR115 detectors. The detectors were exposed for two quarters, one in the warm season and the other in the cold. This has allowed one to evaluate the seasonal variations of concentrations, while the diurnal variations were evaluated performing continuous measurements by a Radim 5 monitor. The authors found that radon concentrations were lower in winter than in summer. Based on their values, taking into consideration the working hours in the catacombs and the equilibrium factor of 0.4, the effective dose to workers was estimated.

Radon measurements and effective dose from radon inhalation estimation in the Neapolitan catacombs

. This paper presents a number of surveys performed in a geographical area of the UK, part of which until recently was considered low radon risk. The Cumbrian region was identified by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) in its 1999 guide as an area without a significant radon problem in the built environment. The geology of the region, which includes the Northern Pennine Orefield is varied, but consists of granites, andesites, tuffs, carbonates, sandstones and shales. Mineralisation has taken place (mostly lead and copper ores) primarily along fault and fracture zones, one example being Copper Valley, northwest of Coniston village. This work quantifies the risk of exposure to radon in a number of abandoned mine environments. High radon levels, up to 28 589 Bq m−3, have been measured in parts of one mine. This study demonstrates that industrial archaeologists (such as the Cumbrian Amenity Trust Mining History Society or CATMHS members) and explorers of abandoned mines can be at risk from radon exposure and it proposes a management scheme to allow industrial archaeologists to continue exploration whilst minimising the risk to health from radon.

/pdf/radon-concentrations-in-abandoned-mines-cumbria-uk-safety-mwqknqk375.pdf

Radon concentrations in abandoned mines, Cumbria, UK: safety implications for industrial archaeologists

Op vrijwel alle werkplekken en in openbare gebouwen zijn de gemeten radonconcentraties laag, gemiddeld 15,9 Bq/m3 (Becquerel per kubieke meter). Wereldwijd bedraagt de gemiddelde radonconcentratie in gebouwen ongeveer 40 Bq/m3. Slechts in enkele zeer specifieke gevallen in dit onderzoek zijn de radonconcentraties hoger dan 300 Bq/m3. Bijvoorbeeld bij enkele grondwater-zuiveringsstations bij drinkwaterbedrijven en ondergrondse ruimten zoals grotten. De radonconcentraties zijn, net als in woningen, iets hoger in Zuid-Limburg en het Rivierengebied dan in de rest van Nederland. Dit komt doordat er in deze gebieden van nature meer radon vrijkomt uit de bodem. Dit blijkt uit een meetcampagne die het RIVM in de periode 2016-2017 heeft uitgevoerd op enkele honderden werkplekken en openbare gebouwen in Nederland. De resultaten van de meetcampagne geven een beeld van de radonconcentraties in gebouwen in Nederland. Dit is onder andere nodig om Europese regelgeving te implementeren. Een van de Europese verplichtingen is om nationale referentieniveaus vast te stellen voor radon op werkplekken en voor radon in openbare gebouwen. Beide referentieniveaus zijn in Nederland sinds 6 februari 2018 in het Besluit basisveiligheidsnormen stralingsbescherming vastgesteld op 100 Bq/m3. Behalve naar radon is onderzoek gedaan naar zogeheten thorondochters en naar gammastraling. Deze dragen net als radon bij aan de blootstelling aan natuurlijke radioactiviteit in gebouwen. De thorondochterconcentraties die nu op Nederlandse werkplekken en in openbare gebouwen zijn gemeten, liggen in lijn met de waarden die volgens internationale organisaties in gebouwen verwacht kunnen worden. De resultaten van de metingen naar gammastraling zijn vergelijkbaar met die in eerder uitgevoerde onderzoeken in Nederland en zijn laag ten opzichte van het vastgestelde referentieniveau voor gammastraling uit bouwmaterialen. Radon en thoron zijn radioactieve edelgassen die van nature ontstaan in de bodem en in bouwmaterialen die daarvan worden gemaakt. Radon kan vanuit de bodem en bouwmaterialen in gebouwen terechtkomen. Thoron in gebouwen komt met name uit materialen waarmee de muren en plafonds zijn afgewerkt. De radioactieve stoffen die ontstaan als radon en thoron vervallen, vergroten het risico op het krijgen van longkanker, vooral bij rokers. Gammastraling in gebouwen komt uit bouwmaterialen en uit het buitenmilieu (al wordt de straling van buiten grotendeels weer door het gebouw afgeschermd) en draagt bij aan de blootstelling aan externe straling in gebouwen. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van het Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SZW) en de Autoriteit Nucleaire Veiligheid en Stralingsbescherming (ANVS).

Radon, thoron en gammastraling op werkplekken en in publiek toegankelijke gebouwen in Nederland : Resultaten RIVM-meetcampagne 2016-2017

/pdf/sobre-a-influencia-de-fatores-ambientais-nos-niveis-de-2kdqyk9hey.pdf

Sobre a influência de fatores ambientais nos níveis de radônio em cavernas dos parques estaduais do vale do ribeira, sp e avaliação do equilíbrio radioativo e fator de equilíbrio entre radônio e seus descendentes

A number of vocational training courses are held in caves in the Yorkshire Dales region of the United Kingdom. The instructors and students involved in these courses have the potential to be exposed to enhanced levels of radon (222Rn) and its progeny as a result of their occupations. A prior radiological risk assessment for the training courses recommended that an environmental monitoring programme be carried out to establish the radon concentrations in the caves, and that the caving instructors wear personal radon dosemeters. Radon gas concentrations varied seasonally, being at their highest in summer and their lowest in winter. The lowest result was 40  Bq m−3 recorded in Lower Longchurn cave during winter, whilst the highest result was 4440  Bq m−3 recorded in Crackpot cave during the summer. As the individuals involved in the caving are entering atmospheres with radon gas concentrations in excess of 400  Bq m−3, the Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999 (GB Parliament 2000 Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (London: Stationary Office) SI 1999/3232) apply. A system of work is therefore in place to control exposure to radon. This system of work stipulates an initial dose investigation level of 1 mSv, a second dose investigation level of 2 mSv and an annual dose limit of 6 mSv. The highest annual dose recorded to date is 2.2 mSv, although the average (median) annual dose is only 0.5 mSv.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0952-4746/30/3/009/pdf

Monitoring of radon gas in caves of the Yorkshire Dales, United Kingdom.

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Monitoring of radon gas in caves of the Yorkshire Dales, United Kingdom.