Non-mycorrhizal microbial inoculants (biofertilizers) can potentially stimulate soil P cycling by solubilizing organic- and mineral-bound P. These P-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) include a wide range of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, many of which are common in the rhizosphere. There appears to be two main PSM strategies for enhancing soil P availability, namely (1) the enhanced dissolution of P-containing minerals through a combination of soil acidification and the release of metal complexing agents (predominantly organic acid anions) and (2) the enzymatic breakdown of organic P. In terms of P cycling in natural environments, it is likely that strategy (2) is most important in terms of the annual flux of P through the plant–soil system. However, in highly P-limiting environments it is likely that strategy (1) becomes more important for mobilizing highly insoluble mineral-bound P. Field application of PSM have shown highly variable responses due to the fact that most PSM are not selected for their rhizosphere competence or for their ability to survive in different soil types.

Solubilization of Phosphorus by Soil Microorganisms

Cryopreservation of semen and artificial insemination have an important, positive impact on cattle production, and product quality. Through the use of cryopreserved semen and artificial insemination, sperm from the best breeding bulls can be used to inseminate thousands of cows around the world. Although cryopreservation of bull sperm has advanced beyond that of other species, there are still major gaps in the knowledge and technology bases. Post-thaw viability of sperm is still low and differs significantly among the breeding bulls. These weaknesses are important because they are preventing advances both in fundamental science of mammalian gametes and reproductive biotechnology. Various extenders have been developed and supplemented with chemicals to reduce cryodamage or oxidative stress with varying levels of success. More detailed insights on sperm morphology and function have been uncovered through application of advanced tools in modern molecular and cell biology. This article provides a concise review of progress in the cryopreservation of bull sperm, advances in extender development, and frontiers using diverse techniques of the study of sperm viability. This scientific resource is important in animal biotechnology because with the advances in discovery of sperm fertility markers, there is an urgent need to improve post-thaw viability and fertility of sperm through enhanced cryopreservation for precision agriculture to produce food animals to ensure food security on the global scale.

/pdf/advances-in-cryopreservation-of-bull-sperm-1wzbixqyd1.pdf

Advances in cryopreservation of bull sperm

Influence of back surface field layer on enhancing the efficiency of CIGS solar cell

With critical lessons drawn from recent strong earthquakes, the engineering community is appealing for a fundamental shift of the existing design philosophy for infrastructures in seismic zones. One of the emerging strategies towards seismic resilient design is to employ a unique class of metals called shape memory alloys (SMAs). This paper seeks to summarize the latest technological advances, especially those developed in recent few years, in diverse aspects including novel SMA elements and their applications in steel, timber and reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and bridges. Although not common, a few important practical applications that have recently appeared in China, Japan and US are also presented. Appreciating a few recently published review papers on similar topics, the present paper is not intended to provide an exhaustive compilation of all relevant works in this area, but is keen to highlight unique reflections on critical challenges and further studies needing to respond to identified issues. The research works collected in this paper are mainly those justified with solid test evidence, while pure numerical studies without rigorous experimental validations are not within the scope of this review. With the systematic information provided and disputes raised, this paper not only helps enlighten a wider audience who are interested in touching this exciting topic, but also benefits professionals and researchers who have been involved in this area for a long time and desire to gain a more in-depth understanding of the state-of-the-art, perhaps from new perspectives. 

SMAs for infrastructures in seismic zones: A critical review of latest trends and future needs

Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Fe-based shape memory alloys: microstructure, mechanical and functional behavior

As a promising candidate in the construction industry, iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) has attracted lots of attention in the engineering and metallography communities because of its foreseeable benefits including corrosion resistance, shape recovery capability, excellent plastic deformability, and outstanding fatigue resistance. Pilot applications have proved the feasibility of Fe-SMA as a highly efficient functional material in the construction sector. This paper provides a review of recent developments in research and design practice related to Fe-SMA. The basic mechanical properties are presented and compared with conventional structural steel, and some necessary explanations are given on the metallographic transformation mechanism. Newly emerged applications, such as Fe-SMA-based prestressing/strengthening techniques and seismic-resistant components/devices, are discussed. It is believed that Fe-SMA offers a wide range of applications in the construction industry but there still remains problems to be addressed and areas to be further explored. Some research needs at material-level, component-level, and system-level are highlighted in this paper. With the systematic information provided, this paper not only benefits professionals and researchers who have been working in this area for a long time and wanting to gain an in-depth understanding of the state-of-the-art, but also helps enlighten a wider audience intending to get acquainted with this exciting topic.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/5/1723/pdf

Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloys in Construction: Research, Applications and Opportunities

Single nucleotide polymorphism in growth hormone gene exon-4 and exon-5 using PCR-SSCP in Black Bengal goats - A prolific meat breed of India.

Information regarding the fertility index in relation to sperm attributes, which helps in the selection of future breeding bulls are meager in buffaloes. The present study was conducted to measure the differences in motility characteristics, head biometry, acrosome, plasma membrane and DNA of cryopreserved semen of fertile and subfertile buffalo bulls. The fertility of bulls was classified on the basis of conception rates (CR), where bulls having CR 28–35% and >55% were considered as sub-fertile and fertile bulls respectively. Computer assisted semen analyzer was used for motility and viability studies. Total motility, average path velocity (VAP), straight linear velocity (VSL) and curvilinear velocity (VCL) of sperm for fertile bulls were significantly higher than sub-fertile bulls. Significant differences were found in the length and width of sperm head between the 2 groups. The percentage of intactness of sperm acrosome of fertile bulls was significantly higher than sub-fertile bulls. The percentage of apoptotic sperm differed significantly between fertile and sub-fertile bulls. The sperm DNA integrity of fertile and sub-fertile bulls was not significantly different. In conclusion, the total motility, VAP, VCL, VSL, length and width of sperm head, acrosome integrity and percentage of apoptotic sperm, are useful for evaluating bulls’ semen quality to reduce the risk of using semen of poor-fertility bulls in AI programme.

Characteristics of frozen thawed semen in predicting the fertility of buffalo bulls

The characteristics of lactation curves and effect of lactation stage, parity and season on milk yield and level of its constituents were investigated in 100 buffaloes varying from parities 1 to 7 at institute farm. Average lactation length overall experimental animals was 323 days. Milk yield,% fat, protein and lactose varied from 4.3 to 9.5 kg, 7.19±0.04 to 8.63±0.07g%, 3.46±0.01 to 3.56 g% and 4.36 to 4.60% respectively. Effect of lactation stage on milk yield, milk fat and lactose content was significant. Milk protein did not vary significantly over the stages of lactation. Lactose increased significantly up to sixth month of lactation, however, change in milk lactose content was not significant thereafter. Milk yield declined significantly during late stage of lactation with a significant concomitant increase in milk fat. Content of milk protein and lactose remained the least variable milk constituents. The study revealed that trend in variation of milk yield and major milk constituents during entire lactation in buffaloes was comparable with cows. Level of milk yield in buffaloes decreased by 9% during hot and humid months due to summer stress and increased by 10.6% during winter in present study. Milk fat level decreased and protein content increased significantly during winter. Milk fat and protein levels were more in advance parities indicating significant effect of parity on milk composition. Data on levels of milk constituents varying over the lactation stages and parities in buffaloes were important phenotype indices for developing genomic selection programme in buffaloes.

Variation in milk constituents during different parity and seasons in Murrah buffaloes

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi for 3 years during rainy season (kharif) of 2001 to 2003 to study the effect of crop-residue incorporation on the relative efficiency of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Phosphorus application generally increased the growth and yield parameters, yields as well as gross and net returns of rice. The increase of these parameters was however significant when the rate of P application was increased from 0 to 35 kg P/ha. At 35 kg P/ha MRP in conjunction with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) was statistically on a par with DAP, increasing the grain yield by 10–17%, P uptake by 26–54%, available P content in soil by 12–99% and net profit by 15–37% over the control. Agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of DAP were higher than those of MRP at 17.5 kg P/ha, but on a par with those at 35 kg P/ha. Crop-residue incorporation had no significant effect on grain yield but it significantly increased the apparent recovery of applied P and available P content of soil. Thus, the combined application of MRP, PSB and crop residue proved a good practice that can be used as P fertilizer for rice.

Effect of rates and sources of phosphorus on productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by crop-residue incorporation

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