https://escholarship.org/content/qt5nm318cx/qt5nm318cx.pdf?t=oj9leo

Ecological design of multifunctional open channels for flood control and conservation planning

A fundamental challenge in restoration ecology is to understand when species are expected to colonize newly created habitat. Determining this is important for assessing progress toward restoration goals and, more generally, for gaining insight into ecosystem functioning and dynamics. We studied this question as it relates to mid- to large-sized terrestrial fauna in restored riparian habitats at the Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge, in northern California. We used camera traps to document use of 16 riparian corridor sites of varying restoration age. Comparisons of species richness (diversity) and visitation frequency (activity) were made across different-aged sites. We found that predator diversity and activity levels tended to be higher in restored forests than in remnant forests, and that they tended to be highest in young restored forests. This trend persisted when data from variable sampling periods were pooled, although significant differences occurred more often in wet and cold sampling periods. The trend did not always hold for the animal community at large (consisting of both predator and non-predator species). We conclude that restoration age affects predator diversity and activity levels in restored and remnant floodplain forests, and that predator communities can establish soon after restoration. Our results suggest that restoring natural river processes that promote habitat regeneration may benefit mid- to large-sized terrestrial predators that appear to mostly use early successional habitat.

Response of medium- and large-sized terrestrial fauna to corridor restoration along the middle Sacramento River

Small mammals are not only pests but also an important part of agricultural ecosystems. The common vole is a reference species for risk assessment of plant protection products in the European Union, but no data about the suitability of the species in the Baltic countries are present so far. Using the snap-trap line method, we evaluated species composition, abundance, and diversity of small mammal communities in commercial orchards and berry plantations in Lithuania, testing the predictions that (i) compared with other habitats, small mammal diversity in fruit farms is low, and (ii) the common vole is the dominant species. The diversity of small mammals was compared with control habitats and the results of investigations in other habitats. Out of ten small mammal species registered, the most dominant were common vole and striped field mouse. Small mammal diversity and abundance increased in autumn and decreased in line with the intensity of agricultural practices but were not dependent on crop type. In the most intensively cultivated fruit farms, small mammals were not found. The diversity of small mammal communities in fruit farms was significantly higher than in crop fields and exceeded the diversities found in most types of forests except those in rapid succession.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/6/334/pdf

Mow the Grass at the Mouse’s Peril: Diversity of Small Mammals in Commercial Fruit Farms

Meadows in river deltas are characterized by a high diversity and abundance of small mammals. However, neither their spatial arrangement nor differences in their use of microhabitat can necessarily explain the dense co-occurrence of sympatric species. We investigated how several small mammal species share a seasonally flooded meadow of limited size, testing predictions (P1) that herbivore, granivore, insectivore, and omnivore species are separated in time (dominant in different years), (P2) that sympatric species undergo isotopic partitioning, and (P3) that there are intraspecific differences in diet. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures in the hair of seven synantropic shrew, vole, and mice species were used as a proxy for their diet. We found that the three most abundant species in eight of the nine years were from different diet groups. However, based on the number of species in the functional groups, the state of small mammal community was considered unfavored in five out of the nine investigation years. In years with the greatest dominance of Apodemus agrarius, the small mammal community was characterized by decreased diversity and Micromys minutus was either in low abundance or absent. In 2014 and 2016, years of low abundance or absence of M. oeconomus, M. agrestis, and M. glareolus were both recorded in high numbers. Differences in the isotopic signatures of the three most abundant small mammal species in the community were clearly expressed and core areas in the isotopic space were separated, showing their dependence on different dietary resources. Intraspecific dietary separation between young and adult animals was observed only in M. oeconomus. Thus, the high species diversity of small mammals and the formation of their community in this investigated flooded meadow are maintained by isotopic partitioning (segregation in dietary space) and by changes in their number over time (shifting dominance).

Resource partitioning confirmed by isotopic signatures allows small mammals to share seasonally flooded meadows.

Large-scale ecosystem restoration projects seldom undergo comprehensive evaluation to determine project effectiveness. Consequently, there are missed opportunities for learning and strategy refinement. Before our study, monitoring information from California’s middle Sacramento River had not been synthesized, despite restoration having been ongoing since 1989. Our

/pdf/successes-failures-and-suggested-future-directions-for-5gu83n34ny.pdf

Successes, Failures, and Suggested Future Directions for Ecosystem Restoration of the Middle Sacramento River,

Floodplains often are managed both for agriculture and as habitat for native species. On the Sacramento River, farmers have expressed concern that natural areas may harbour small mammals in greater abundance than occurs on farms, which could make them sources of pests to adjoining farmlands. Concern over this has generated some opposition to riparian restoration. To better understand the issue, we studied small mammals at agricultural sites, young and older riparian restoration sites and remnant natural areas through live trapping and visual surveys over three successive years. Significant flooding occurred during the second winter of the study. We found that young riparian restoration sites (3–4 years since planting) did not harbour agricultural pests (e.g. California ground squirrel, Botta's pocket gopher) in greater abundance than agricultural sites, with the exception of California voles. Although voles were common at young sites, they declined dramatically as the sites matured, and neither 12- to 15-year-old sites nor remnant riparian habitats had higher abundances of any small mammal pest species than agricultural sites. All species except the arboreal western gray squirrel experienced significant population declines following the flood and remained at depressed levels for at least a full year thereafter. Native species were not less susceptible to flooding than exotic species. California vole was the first species to recover. Our study suggests that frequent winter flooding may be desirable from an agricultural pest management perspective. It illustrates a valuable ecosystem service, small mammal pest control, which is provided by flooding, an important natural disturbance process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Decline and recovery of small mammals after flooding: implications for pest management and floodplain community dynamics

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Decline and recovery of small mammals after flooding: implications for pest management and floodplain community dynamics