High-field, low-inductance superconducting magnets in particle accelerators and fusion machines require high operating currents, often in combination with high current densities and for some applications conductor bending radii of less than 50mm. These requirements form a major challenge for magnet conductors consisting of high-temperature superconductors, which are required for reaching magnetic fields exceeding 20 T, or allowing for operating temperatures above 20 K. The high tolerance of RE-Ba2Cu3O7−δ coated conductors to axial tensile and compressive strain has led to the concept of CORC cables in an attempt to develop a round and mechanically as well as electrically isotropic, high-performance conductor that would meet these challenging requirements. This review article will outline how CORC cables evolved from a concept into a practical and robust conductor for high-field magnets and compact superconducting power cables. This review article provides an extensive overview of how CORC cable technology has overcome most of the challenges associated with its use in large magnets for fusion, particle accelerators and in helium gas cooled power and fault current limiting cables, while further development is ongoing that will push the CORC cable technology to even higher performance levels.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6668/aafc82/pdf

Status of CORC Ⓡ cables and wires for use in high-field magnets and power systems a decade after their introduction

AMSC has established a Second Generation (2G) High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS) wire manufacturing technology based on the Rolling Assisted Biaxially Textured Substrate and Metal Organic Deposition processes. AMSC's 2G wire (Amperium) has been used by a wide range of customers for development and testing of initial commercial HTS-based applications. Although the Amperium wire properties and quantities satisfy the requirements for these initial projects, improvements in critical current, field performance, and cost are beneficial for large-scale commercial and military applications. As Amperium wire manufacturing continues to ramp up, AMSC's R&D program has focused on increasing critical current, and the development of nonmagnetic substrates. The R&D process developed for a single-coat, 1.2 μm YBCO film has been transferred to production-scale equipment, resulting in the first Amperium wires with critical currents reaching 500 A/cm-w (77 K, self-field) in production length. A nonmagnetic substrate, which minimizes ferromagnetic substrate losses in ac cable applications, has been produced in R&D lengths and demonstrated in an Amperium cable wire.

Second Generation Wire Development at AMSC

Development of the second generation (2G) YBCO high temperature superconducting wire has progressed rapidly and its performance is approaching, and in some areas exceeding, that of first generation (1G) HTS wire. American Superconductor's approach to the low-cost manufacturing of 2G wire is based on a wide-strip (4 cm) process using a metal organic deposition (MOD) process for the YBCO layer and the RABiTS (rolling assisted biaxially textured substrate) process for the template. In addition, the wide-strip RABiTS/MOD-YBCO process provides the flexibility to engineer practical 2G HTS wires with architectures and properties tailored for specific applications and operating conditions through slitting to custom widths and laminating with custom metallic stabilizers. This paper will review the status of the 2G manufacturing scale up at AMSC and describe the properties and architecture of the 2G wire being developed and tested for various applications including in cables, coils and fault current limiters. Performance of 100 meter class, 4 mm wide wires at 77 K, self-field has reached 100 A (250 A/cm-width) with single-coat YBCO and 140 A (350 A/cm-width) with double-coat YBCO. A 5 cm inner diameter coil fabricated from the latter wire achieved 1.5 T at 64 K, confirming the capability of the wire for coil applications.

The Development of Second Generation HTS Wire at American Superconductor

This chapter describes the benefits and associated technical challenges of closed-loop cryogenic helium gas circulation for cooling high-temperature superconducting cable systems. The many potential applications of gaseous helium-cooled high-temperature superconducting cables are discussed. The major technical challenges specific to the development of gaseous helium-cooled superconducting power cables are also described. The need for the development of new cryogenic dielectric material systems for realizing medium-voltage power cables is emphasized. Available technology for producing and circulating cryogenic helium gas at sufficiently large mass flow rates needed for power cables is discussed. The chapter concludes with a brief description of ongoing research and development efforts on helium gas-cooled high-temperature superconducting cables.

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables cooled by helium gas

This paper provides an extended review of projects and implementations for high-temperature superconducting (HTS) transmission systems worldwide. Projects are categorized based on a multi-criteria analysis that considers transmission technology, i.e., ac or dc, laboratory, or commercial activity, and classified according to operating characteristics, e.g., length, voltage/current level, power capacity, and cooling means. A survey about applications that can be supported by HTS links is also presented, whereas technical challenges that impede the more massive grid penetration of HTS systems are highlighted. Finally, the current technology readiness for both ac and dc implementations is assessed and a discussion about future HTS-links adoption is provided.

Superconducting Transmission Systems: Review, Classification, and Technology Readiness Assessment

The US Department of Homeland Security is currently funding the design, development and demonstration of an inherently fault current limiting HTS cable, called Secure Super Grids, under the Hydra project with Con Edison. The cable is 300 m long and is being designed to carry 96 MVA at a distribution level voltage of 13.8 kV. The cable will be built using cable system experience gained by AMSC and Ultera (a Southwire and nkt Cables joint venture) on previous projects. The underground cable will be permanently installed and energized in New York City in 2010. The project is led by American Superconductor who is teamed with Ultera and Con Edison. This paper describes the general goals and design criteria of the project. An overview of the concept of Secure Super Grids and advantages of this type of cable are presented in a grid-based network modeling. In addition, the design issues such as tailoring of the HTS wire to provide adequate thermal stability and electrical properties both under normal operation and during a fault are presented.

Development and Demonstration of a Fault Current Limiting HTS Cable to be Installed in the Con Edison Grid

In the last decade, significant advances in the performance of second generation (2G) high temperature superconducting wire have made it suitable for commercially viable applications such as electric power cables and fault current limiters. Currently, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security is co‐funding the design, development and demonstration of an inherently fault current limiting HTS cable under the Hydra project with American Superconductor and Consolidated Edison. The cable will be approximately 300 m long and is being designed to carry 96 MVA at a distribution level voltage of 13.8 kV. The underground cable will be installed and energized in New York City. The project is led by American Superconductor teamed with Con Edison, Ultera (Southwire and nkt cables joint venture), and Air Liquide. This paper describes the general goals, design criteria, status and progress of the project. Fault current limiting has already been demonstrated in 3 m prototype cables, and test results on a 25 m three‐phase cable will be presented. An overview of the concept of a fault current limiting cable and the system advantages of this unique type of cable will be described.

Status and progress of a fault current limiting hts cable to be installed in the con edison grid

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Development and Demonstration of a Fault Current Limiting HTS Cable to be Installed in the Con Edison Grid

Status and progress of a fault current limiting hts cable to be installed in the con edison grid