Configurations and hindered decays of K isomers in deformed nuclei with A>100

Nuclear structure of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 109 from alpha spectroscopy

The quantum-mechanic nature of nuclear matter is at the origin of the vision of a region of
enhanced stability at the upper right end of the chart of nuclei, the so-called ‘island of stability’.
Since the 1960s in the early second half of the last century, various models predict closed shells
for proton numbers 114–126 and neutron numbers such as 172 or 184. Being stabilized by
quantum-mechanic effects only, those extremely heavy man-made nuclear species are an ideal
laboratory to study the origin of the strong nuclear interaction which is the driving force for
matter properties in many fields ranging from microscopic scales like hadronic systems to
cosmic scales in stellar environments like neutron stars. Since the 1950s, experiments on
the synthesis of new elements and isotopes have also revealed various exciting nuclear structure
features. The contribution of Bohr, Mottelson and Rainwater with, in particular, the development
of the unified model played an essential role in this context. Although not anticipated in
the region of the heaviest nuclei, many phenomena were subsequently discovered like the
interplay of collective features manifesting themselves e.g. in nuclear deformation, ranging from
spherical to prolate and oblate shapes with the possible occurrence of triaxial symmetries, and
single particle states and their excitation into quasiparticle configurations. The continuous
development of modern experimental techniques employing advanced detection set-ups was
essential to reveal these exciting nuclear structure aspects in the actinide and transactinide
regions since the production cross-section becomes extremely small with increasing mass and
charge. Further technological progress, in particular, high intensity stable ion beam accelerator
facilities presently under construction, as well as potentially in the farther future radioactive
neutron rich ion beams provide a high discovery potential for the basic understanding of nuclear
matter.

Nuclear structure features of very heavy and superheavy nuclei—tracing quantum mechanics towards the ‘island of stability’

Nuclear structure and decay of the isotope 253No and its decay products 249Fm and 253Md were investigated by means of $ \alpha$
 -
 $ \gamma$
 spectroscopy. Besides the established strong $ \gamma$
 transitions from the $\ensuremath 9/2^{-}[734]$
 Nilsson level in 249Fm , populated predominantly by the $ \alpha$
 decay of 253No , into the ground-state (gs) rotational band, a couple of weaker $ \gamma$
 lines (58.3, 129.2, 209.3 and 669.5keV) were observed and placed into the 249Fm level scheme. The transition from the $\ensuremath 7/2^{-}$
 level in 249Es , populated by the $ \alpha$
 decay of 253Md , into the $\ensuremath 9/2^{+}$
 member of the gs rotational band, so far established for other odd-mass Es isotopes, was observed clearly. GEANT4 simulations were performed to investigate the influence of energy summing between $ \alpha$
 particles and conversion electrons (CE) on the shape of the $ \alpha$
 spectra at different implantation energies, leading to evidence for a weak $ \alpha$
 decay branch of 253No into the gs of 249Fm or the ground-state rotational band, respectively.

Alpha-gamma decay studies of 253 No and its daughter products 253 Md , 249 Fm

Abstract The role of isomers for nuclei with Z ≥ 100 is discussed. Recent advances in experimental instrumentation leading to combined in-beam gamma ray and conversion electron spectroscopy are discussed. The rotational spectra of nuclei with Z ≥ 94 and their moments of inertia are discussed. Examples for in-beam spectroscopy leading to the discovery and identification of isomers are given in 248,250Fm. Here some attention is given to the assignment of nuclear configurations from g-factors measured via the branching ratios of coupled bands built on the isomers. A full list of the longest lived isomers in nuclei with Z ≥ 82 is given.

Spectroscopy of actinide and transactinide nuclei

High-K multi-quasiparticle states in 254No

Recently it has become possible to perform detailed spectroscopy on nuclei beyond Z = 100 with the aim of understanding the underlying single-particle structure of superheavy elements. A number of such experiments have been performed at the 88-Inch Cyclotron of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using the Berkeley Gas-filled Separator (BGS), coupled with delayed γ-ray and electron-decay spectroscopy. Experiments have been performed on 254No (Z = 102), 257Rf (Z = 104), and 261Sg (Z = 106). The results provide new information on the properties of transactinide nuclei, which is important for testing models of the heaviest elements.

Nuclear spectroscopy of the heaviest elements: Studies of 254No, 257Rf, and 261Sg

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High-K multi-quasiparticle states in 254No

Nuclear spectroscopy of the heaviest elements: Studies of 254No, 257Rf, and 261Sg