Toxicology of insecticides

This review evaluates the literature on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment and assesses their efficacy. Nanoparticles have shown potential for improving anticancer agent delivery, reducing systemic toxicity, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Extensive studies have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical trials. However, challenges such as limited drug loading capacity, stability issues, and potential side effects need to be addressed to enhance clinical translation. Researchers are exploring strategies to improve drug loading capacity, such as modifying nanoparticle surfaces or developing novel drug encapsulation techniques. By increasing drug loading, the therapeutic efficacy of these systems can be significantly enhanced. Stability issues also pose a hurdle in clinical translation. To overcome stability issues, researchers are investigating methods to enhance the stability of nanoparticles, such as using protective coatings or optimising the formulation. Additionally, efforts are being made to minimise potential side effects by carefully selecting biocompatible materials for nanoparticle synthesis and conducting rigorous toxicity studies before moving forward with clinical trials. 

Review of the efficacy of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment

Update on trematode infections in sheep

A Guide to Medicinal Plants

BACKGROUND Citral is an active component of many plant extracts, and it is a safe additive used in food and cosmetics. A previous study showed that citral has a good antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro, but its in vivo anti-infective activity has not been studied. Anti-MRSA activity and the preliminary mechanism of citral against MRSA were investigated in MRSA-infected KM mice. The ED50 was calculated using Karber's method. Groups were selected for inflammatory and oxidative stress level tests, and lung and liver tissues were counterstained with HE for detection of pathological changes. Cytokines and oxidative factors were evaluated using the ELISA method (one-way ANOVA computed using SPSS 19.0.). RESULTS With the increase in the concentration of citral, the survival rate of MRSA-infected mice increased accordingly. The ED50 values of citral for intramuscular injection and intragastric administration were 0.09 and 0.26 g kg-1 respectively. Citral significantly reduced cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and oxidative factors (malondialdehyde and hydroxyl radicals) of MRSA-infected mice, whereas it increased gluthtione and superoxide dismutase levels. Citral can reduce the lung inflammatory infiltrates infected by MRSA. CONCLUSIONS Citral exerted a dose-dependent anti-MRSA effect and ameliorated MRSA-induced abnormal changes in inflammation and oxidative stress. This indicates that citral has the potential for development as a new anti-MRSA drug. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect and mechanism of citral against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vivo.

Fascioliosis caused by trematode Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica with complex life cycle, and primarily affect in both livestock and human. This disease occurs on all inhabited continents. Humans become infected after ingestion of contaminated food mostly aquatic wild vegetables or water. The life cycle of Fasciola can be interrupted by killing the vector snail or larva (sporocyst, redia and cercaria) in their habitats. In vitro toxicity of dried root powder of Potentilla fulgens, different organic extract and column purified fraction was performed in the Petridis. Infected snail Lymnaea acuminata was dissected in a glass Petridis which containing 10 ml of dechlorinated water at 23oC-25oC. These larvae were kept in dechlorinated tap water where they survive up to 48 h in laboratory condition. Mortality of sporocyst, redia and cercaria were observed after 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 8 h of treatment. Counting of a larva was done with help of microscope. Per cent mortality of larvae at each concentration for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 8 h were used for determination of LC50. In in vitro treatment of different organic extract and column purified fraction of P. fulgens was used. Highest toxicity was observed against sporocyst, redia and cercaria after treatment of column purified fraction (2 h LC50 was 62.42, 59.25 and 45.11 mg/L, respectively). After 8 h LC50 of column purified fraction against sporocyst, redia and cercaria were observed 54.20, 49.37 and 38.13 mg/L, respectively. The present study conclusively shows that medicinal plant P. fulgens have anthelmintic (sporocyst, redia and cercaria) larvicides activities against F. gigantica. It can use in in vivo treatment of infected host snails of Fasciola larvae within the body, which may be useful for control of fascioliasis without killing host snails.

FASCIOLA LARVAE: ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANT Potentilla fulgens AGAINST SPOROCYST, REDIA AND CERCARIA

The helminthic infection are most common disease in different animals and in human beings, which affecting a large proportion of the world population. Helminthic infection can also affect millions of livestock resulting in considerable economic loss in domestic animals. For control of helminthic disease in different part of world are uses synthetic medicines which are very effective in curing helminthiasis, but it’s also causes a number of side effects. The continued uses of synthetic anthelmintic/larvicidal drugs are also causing a major drug resistance problem in several parasitic diseases. The plant derived crude products are less efficient with respect to cure of parasitic diseases but one relatively free from side effect. A large number of medicinal plants are traditionally uses to cure helminthiasis in developing countries. Thus, plant derived drugs are gaining a lot of attention for curing parasitic infection. There are several medicinal plants and their different crude products, organic extracts and active components have been scrutinized for using in various methods in helminthic/larvicidal infection control. The present reviews summarized the use of traditional medicinal plants and their different products further leads to evaluation of new researches.

Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants

Last two decades have seen a tremendous and fascinating advancement in the field of drug development. Despite the progression in the scientific technology, the diseases of central nervous system (CNS) present a formidable challenge to the clinicians. Prospects to improve quality of life and halt or ameliorate age-related neurodegenerative diseases like Dementia, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s etc. are still far to measure. At present, around 1.5 billion people worldwide are suffering from one or another CNS disease [1]. As reviewed in 2017, around 47.5 million people around the globe are living with dementia. The prevalence of dementia is anticipated to be 75.63 million in 2030, reaching to 135.46 million by 2050, which is higher than original number estimated in the 2009 World Alzheimer report [2]. Specifically, in US about 5.2 million people are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which has been cited as the sixth leading cause of death, and ranked fifth among those aged 65 years and older. Unless medical breakthroughs are made to favor the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of experimental therapeutics, it is estimated that by 2050, the number of AD patients may nearly triple from 5 million to a projected 14 million [3,4]. Of the all CNS related diseases, brain tumor is among the most challenging and lethal. Updated in January 2017, nearly 700,000 people in U.S. are living with CNS related tumor. It is estimated that nearly 80,000 cases of primary brain tumor would be diagnosed by the end of 2017. One third of the 32% of the diagnosed cases are anticipated to be malignant, and nearly 53,000 will be non-malignant. Sadly, by the end of 2017, nearly 17,000 people with CNS brain tumor will lose their battle with life [5]. Regardless of the scientific researches and technologies, no effective therapies are out in clinic for most of the brain tumors. The failure of vast majority of novel and current experiential therapeutics to reach/target the brain at a reasonable effective dose remains a major challenge. Despite great stride in understanding of the brain biology, from cellular to behavioral levels, the advances in basic science have not yet been fully developed in an interdisciplinary way, and a definitive translation from bench to bedside is still uncertain [6]. The scope of current communication focuses current challenges in brain-drug delivery, and significance of nanomedicine in crossing BBB, their downside and future prospects are also discussed.

/pdf/the-significance-of-nanomedicine-in-brain-targeted-drug-3j9mq5do97.pdf

The Significance of Nanomedicine in Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery: Crossing Blood-Brain Barriers

Objective: The objective of the present study is the evaluation of the effect of the sublethal (40% and 60% of 48h LC50) binary combination (1:5 ratios) of molluscicides deltamethrin+MGK-264 on the endogenous levels of protein, amino acid and nucleic acid in different tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata.
Methods: The snails were treated with 1:5 mixtures of sub-lethal concentration of (40% and 60% of 48h LC50) deltamethrin+MGK-264 on the protein, amino acid and nucleic acid levels in gonadal, nervous and foot tissue of L. acuminata. In order to study the effect of withdrawal from treatment, the snails were first exposed to the above concentrations for 96h, after which they were transferred to freshwater. Water was changed every 24h for the next seven days, after which different biochemical parameters were estimated.
Results: There was a significant change in the levels of protein (sublethal concentration of 60% of 48h LC50 after 96h) gonadal, nervous and foot tissues are 48.1, 12.1 and 14.5%, respectively, amino acid are 273, 234 and 252%, respectively, DNA are 25.1, 38.9 and 42.1%, respectively and RNA are 12.2, 30.7 and 30.5%, respectively. These changes were time and concentration-dependent. In the withdrawal experiment, the snails were treated for 96h to transfer in freshwater for 7 d, which caused significant recovery in all the biochemical parameters.
Conclusion: The present study concluded that the high molluscicidal activity of deltamethrin+MGK-264 simultaneous decrease in the levels of proteins, DNA, RNA and increase in the level of amino acids.

/pdf/efficacy-of-binary-combination-of-deltamethrin-mgk-264-on-4ean695weq.pdf

Efficacy of binary combination of deltamethrin+mgk-264 on levels of biochemical changes in the snail lymnaea acuminata

Solid Dosage Forms: Formulation and Characterization

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